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Question: Discuss About The Designate Loosely The Palette Of Algorithm? Answer: Introduction The term big data can be referred to as designate loosely the palette of algorithm, system and technology, which are employed mainly to collect data which is of unprecedented variety and volume with a intention of extracting value from them by means of massive parallel advanced analytics of parallel computing (Marinos, 2013). The source of Big data are diverse and many. The candidate of the data providers and generators can be mainly be considered into many categories which can include mobile communication devices and network, internet of things and web based application. The usage of big data has increased over the few years, the various form of algorithm, technology and with it their system resources are gradually reaching a level of development and suitable maturity level for its widespread adoption (Marinos, Belmonte Rekleitis, 2014). ENISA elaborates on the different thread which are related to the Big data, this technology have gained much of a traction in the recent years and is forecasted to play a significant role in the near future which can be estimated to play a role in different sphere of the society, ranging from climate, food security, intelligent system related to transport and installation of smart cities. It can be stated that the big data approach can be used in a way to interact with extremely high tech and novel ICT technology, with very little time to mature against the cybercrime or attack, it can be a surprise that the impact of the cybercrime is increasing in trend in both the number associated with it and the sophistication and the impact produced by the factor. Provide a brief overview of the case study and prepare a diagram for the ENISA Big Data security infrastructure. Relating to the case study of ENISA, threads are elaborated on threats that can be related to the big data. Considering on the various aspect of the society there has be seen a considerable traction within the time period of few years thus it can be seen that the concept of information technology and data storage would play a dominant role (Barnard-Wills, 2014). The different field that can be linked with the big data and information technology are health security, food security, climate and resource factor which are efficient to the energy, smart city implementation and intelligent system of transport. Acknowledgment have been from the European commission with regards to the potential impact of the big data with emphasis on the big data technologies main potential impact (Lvy-Bencheton et al., 2015). When relating to the economic drive big data can be conceived in the system of organisation. In the field of research and science there is a big impact of big data which is continuing t o escalate (Karchefsky Rao, 2017). Thus the launch of big data project are being initiated in many agencies and institutions all across the globe for exploiting better analysis of data and cloud computing. It can be applied in the field of military which can be related to assisting in fighting virtual or combat or real terrorism. Collecting information from heterogeneous sources in order to identify are considered to have a huge impact on the overall concept. Highly novel and high tech ICT system are mainly incorporated in the approach of the big data. On the other hand the use of technology of big data has increased frequently which is related to the chances of cyber-attacks, hacking and data breaches (Lehto, 2015). The increase in the kind of challenges of attack has increased the trending in impact and sophisticated. With the increase of the number of usability relating to the big data in organisation and business, the attackers get more reward in order to develop and specializes attack against the concept of analysis of big data (Marinos, Belmonte Rekleitis, 2014). The technology has also the capability of focusing its impact on the cyber threats by means of offering security professional and privacy that has the valuable insight in the management threats and incidents (Rhee et al., 2013). The threat landscapes in the field of big data are delivered by the ENISA, by the input which comes from ENISA threat landscape activities. The case study in this scenario relates to the architecture, ENISA threat taxonomy which is mainly targeted to the audience of the big data approaches, the asset big data taxonomy, the methodology by which the case study is approached and carried out, gap in the study is identified and finally a recommendation is being provided in this case (Cho et al., 2016). In ENISA depiction of the cloud computing is in the infrastructure layer. This can be related to the infrastructure requirement for example cost effectiveness, elasticity and the ability which can be related to the scaling up and down. The aspect which is followed by the big data are: Integration processed layer: This layer is mainly concerned with the pre-processing operation data acquiring which is considered important factor hence as a result of which dataset is integrated to a structured form. Data source layer: This layer is considered with the streaming of the data from the sensor, data source which are disparate sources of data and information which is mainly structured, semi structured and unstructured. Data store layer: Large variety of resources are available in this layer like for example No SQL, RDF store, and distributed system of file and New SQL database. This is mainly suitable for a large number of datasets that facilitate storage persistent. Presentation layer: Visualization of the technology like desktop, web browser, mobile device and web services are considered as the most important task of this layer. Computing and analytics layer model: Encapsulating the different data tools like MAP reduce that mainly run over the resources that are mainly stored with emplaning on the data management and programming model (Marinos, Belmonte Rekleitis, 2014). Figure 1: Big data system security of Layered Architecture. (SOURCE: (Scott et al., 2016) Out of the Top threats which threat would you regard to be the most significant and why? There are different kinds of thread which can be classified according to the group they are: Threat Group: Nefarious abuse/activity Denial of service (DOS) Identify threat Malicious software/code /activity Abuse of authorization / misuse of audit tools / unauthorized activities. Generation and the aspect related to rogue certificate Failure of the process of business. Threat group: Interception, eavesdropping and hijacking data leakage via application of web (unsecured APIs) Information human error due to sharing and leakage. Inadequate planning and design or adaptation concept wrong. Information interception. Threat group: Legal Shortage of skills. Breach of legislation/abuse of personal data/ violation of regulations and law. Comparing the threat groups it can be concluded that the most significant threats are the interception, Eavesdropping and hijacking (Wang, AnokhinAnderl, 2017). This is due to the factor that most of the risk related to the privacy and the data are mainly related to this faces of the threat which directly maximizes the difficulties for example hacking, data breach, cyber-attack and many more. This results in affecting the major areas related from the business point of view. The main attack with originates from the threat indicate interception of resources , no proper planning or adaptation is inaccurate, leak of data due to application based on web ( mainly APIs) (Lykou, 2016). Indivisibles location, transaction and behaviour are recorded digitally by means of unprecedented network access among computing platform and smart devices which act as a contributor in the big data relating to the security concerns. The nature of these attack are hostile. The main goal of the attack is the ga in related to financial which incorporates higher skills. Organisation of cybercriminals are on the ground of local, international and even national level or stage. These agents politically and socially motivate an individual when using the network or the system of the computer resources for promoting and protesting cause with regards to the damage. The general target are the high profile websites along with the intelligence military institutions and agencies (Barnard-Wills, MarinosPortesi, 2014). Identify and discuss the key Threat Agents. What could be done to minimize their impact on the system? Based on the data provided, discuss the trends in threat probability. ENISA threat landscape stated that, the threat agent as someone or something with decent capability, a clear intention in order to manifest a threat and a record of the past activities with its regard the organisation in any field should be aware of the threat with its emerging and from which threat group that are mainly emerging and which focus on the group from which is originates (Brender Markov, 2013). There are different categories by which threats can be divided in: Corporation: This category mainly refers to the organisation or enterprise that may be engaged in the activity or engaged in any adapted tactics that may be considered offensive and unethical to any enterprise (Le Bray, Mayer Aubert, 2016). These agents can be considered as hostile agent that they are the main motive of building an advantage in the competitive advantage over their own competitors. The main target are generally sorted and the focus point of access is the size and the sectors the enterprise possess capability to the area with their significance, as well as from the access area of the aspect of the technology with regards to the intelligence human engineering in the expertise field (Olesen, 2016). Cyber Terrorism: The threat agent motivation in this field can be either political or religious, that expands the engagement of the cyber-attacks (Lvy-Bencheton et al., 2015). The preferring target with the cyber terrorist can be mainly over the infrastructure which are critical for example energy production, telecommunication or health care system related to public. This infrastructure which can be stated as complex is chosen generally since the failure with regards to the organisation can be affected by chaos and can have a severe impact in the society and in the government (Bugeja, JacobssonDavidsson, 2017). Cyber Criminals: The agent of threat is hostile in nature. The goal of this threat associated activity is the gain which is related to the financial which mainly has higher level of skills. Cyber criminals can be manipulated or implemented on a national, local and even international level. Script Kiddies: They are mainly unskilled, they usually use scripts and program developed. They mainly attack the computer system or the network as well as websites. Employee: With emphasis on the deterioration of the organisation sometimes the employee, the access to the resource of the company from the inside and hence taking into consideration as both non hostile and non-hostile agent. This agent mainly include operational staff, contactors, staff and normal working people. A considerable amount of knowledge is required for this domain of threat, which help them in successfully incorporating the attack effectiveness against the asset with regards to the company (Belmonte Martin et al., 2015). Nation State: Offensive capability with the agents in the security of cyber is seen in this scenario and may be implemented over an enterprise or a group. With emphasis on the data which is provided the trend which is followed in the threat probability can be explained that: Cyber criminals, cyber terrorists, corporate mainly affects the data leak which is mainly through web application having a APIs which is secured, information interception, fraud identification, Denial of service (DOI), malicious validation fo code and use of certificate related to rogue. The damaged which is considered damaged has been taken into consideration by the script kiddies as they are very much unskilled. Inadequate design, planning or improperly adaptation of the technique, misuse of tools related to the audit, failure of the process of business, breach related to legislation or abuse related to personal data that directly threaten the employee. How could the ETL process be improved? Discuss. The threat related to the threat taxonomy as implemented by ENISA threat landscape group and this mainly incorporates threat that are mainly applicable for the assists related to the big data and these can be implemented and improved by the following ways: Cache the various data: Caching the data can be used to increasingly increase the speed of the things. This is due to the factor that memory access perform in a faster way than the hard drives. It can be stated caching can be limited by maximizing the amount of the memory that is supported by an individual hardware. Load data incrementally: This mainly changes the load between the new and the data which is previously maintained this may result in saving lot of time as when it is compared to full load. Maintaining the implementation is very much difficult but it has to be taken into consideration that its difficult but not impossible. Use of Hadoop: Apache Hadoop is an open source software which is a library which includes software. This allows the process of distribution of large set of data across the cluster of computer by simply using program models (Lehto, 2015). It is mainly designed in order to scale up from one- to multiple machine which is from multiple server to single server or machines which many offers computation and local storage . To sum up, should ENISA be satisfied with its current state of IT Security? Why? Or Why not? The security infrastructure as per the ENISA Big data has few points of consideration: Network protocol to application level protocol should be considered as a trusted components which always be used in the level of the system of the information, which is usually based on the keep aspect of strong technique of encryption and management. Some of the example of the infrastructure which is trusted are secure protocol related to communication, infrastructure authentication public key components and many more related issues. Considering the emerging security issue which is directly related to big data it can be considered as being on top. Consequences of cloud computing, internet subscriptions and social technologies. This can be related to a new emerging trend when it is related to the security issue. The unauthorized users access can directly affect the security aspect of the big datas data which is stored in the server. But when taking into consideration about the advertisement, exploitation related to big data which may invite new kinds of attack vectors. Conclusion It can be concluded that big data even though the term threat implies that something problematic is with its direct occurrence, but on the other hand the scenario may be projected in a way that complex strategies can be sometimes be subjected to threat. It has been formally discussed in the report putting emphasis on the big data security aspect with it is direct implementation in the organisation sector. 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