Writers And Editors On Canovista Restoration Essay

The story begins with the invention of writing, and it is from that time that writing and literature thus begins in the social life of all mankind, it is not enough to say, that it is through literature that we can know what everything that had happened in centuries ago. However, while reading a book, or any other text, we find not only fragments of history, but also with a number of positions of the authors about current issues, including politics. The political relationship - is evident in literature politics, as writer Pascual Martinez as in his text Writers and editors on canovista Restoration does affects the lives of people. Poetry, and essay they all a form and part of literature to it, they are testimony. The political agenda, it could be good, bad and or indifferent. However, it is important to note that not only the political influences in literature, but the relationship can also be given in a manner contrary, while politics can guide the writing of an author, someone can also guide their views by some political writtings. Example Eduardo Galeano with one of his master piece Mirrors. American literature has its origin in the clash of Aboriginal culture and European society. However, the first, sense of American literature, which was the world conquest, was truncated. Only in the twentieth century American culture, rip of its primitive root of pre-Columbian culture, was reunited with the interest due to archaeologists and ethnologists who bring to light this

Iliad Outline

Book OneSupplication. Plague. Quarrel. Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book I Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book II Paris Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book III Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book IV Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book V Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book VI Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book VII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book VIII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book IX Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book X Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XI Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XIII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XIV Apollo Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XV Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XVI Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XVII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XVIII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XIX Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XX Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XXI Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XXII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XXIII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XXIV

Role Of Female Characters In Twelfth Night - 1608 Words

In William Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night, the female characters have a strong constitution specifically Olivia and Viola. The play begins with a shipwrecked Viola who decides to disguise herself and go under the assumed name of Cesario. Viola Cesario falls in love with Duke Orsino who is in love with Olivia. The Duke asks for Cesario to woo Olivia for him however Olivia begins to fall for Cesario. Later, Violas twin brother reappears, and Olivia mistakes him for Cesario proposes to him. In the end, Cesario reveals he is Viola, and the Duke proposes to her. Violas strength comes from her ability to control her emotions which makes her the stronger female character. In Twelfth Night, Olivias main strength lies within her rebellion†¦show more content†¦In Hodgson and Smith’s article, â€Å"A cypress, not a bosom, hides my heart: Olivias Veiled Conversions,† they discuss the symbolism of Olivia’s veiling and unveiling in Twelfth Night. Hodgson and Smith argue that Olivia’s characterization as the widow-like maiden expresses her as an independent figure in Twelfth Night. Hodgson and Smith observe,â€Å"‘If the cultural fear of transferred desire and the cultural anxiety over an unmanned woman coalesced around the figure of the desirous widow (of Ephesus or of Illyria), such anxieties are neither uniformly felt or supported in a text like Twelfth Night.’† (Hodgson and Smith, para. 30). Hodgson and Smith discuss how Olivia pursuit of Cesario can be seen as her way of breaking against the stigma of being an unattended female. They say that because she chose to pursue Cesario even though he is le sser in ranking and age can be perceived as her way of keeping her own status. The critics state that Olivia is unscorned for her attempt at rebellion that she was unpunished for separating herself from the social norm. The critic says her shift from mourning to passion means she is unveiling herself and focusing on a new pursuit. They state she is trading one condition for the other. Hodgson and Smith argue that Olivia still hides from the world, but now it is with Cesario. Hodgson and Smith state that there is a kind fuss about anShow MoreRelatedtwelfth night Essay952 Words   |  4 Pages Twelfth Night Essay While many will agree that Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night is critically acclaimed to be one of the most entertaining and well-liked pieces that he has written, there tends to be a discrepancy over how the characters in the play are portrayed when it comes to the importance of gender roles. After reading James C Bulman’s article over the Globe’s more recent performance of Twelfth Night and Shakespeare’s original written version, I realized that there are many ways that this famousRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Twelfth Night Essay1146 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Twelfth Night The use of genre in any literary work assist the responder in understanding the text, as prior knowledge and past experience are used by composers to construct certain expectations due to characteristics that are recognised. Shakespeare, in his play Twelfth Night uses the Romantic comedy genre and its conventions of strong themes of love and a series of obstacles and misunderstandings concluded with a harmonious union of the loversRead MorePlot And Action In Twelfth Night By Shakespeare1527 Words   |  7 Pagesplay Twelfth Night, there are a couple of key aspects within the dramaturgy of that play that, to this day, still confuse me. William Shakespeare. And what may those be? Molià ¨re. For starters, in Twelfth Night, there seems to be no unity of time, place, or action. William Shakespeare. Go on. What’s your point? Molià ¨re. My point is that the characters are so unpredictable. They all have their own agendas, each on their own journey of self-discovery. And this episodic structure of Twelfth NightRead MoreGender Ambiguity : Boys Should Be Girls Will Be Boys And Twelfth Night Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Boys will be girls will be boys† This statement refers to the theme of gender within Shakespeare’s comedies and it is portrayed significantly in both As You Like It and Twelfth Night. Gender is a major theme in the work of Shakespeare which is an issue which has had a significant impact on the criticism attracted to his work for many of his plays, led by feminists in particular. In each of the two plays there is gender ambiguity, mistaken identities and gender blurring as Shakespeare deals withRead MoreEssay Gender in as You Like It and Twelfth Night1438 Words   |  6 PagesGender Roles in Twelfth Night and As you Like It Much of the comedy in Twelfth Night and As you Like It emerges from Shakespeare’s distortion of traditional gender roles, as both plays contain strong female leads who disguise themselves as males. Though both Viola and Rosalind help their less-than-ideal beloveds woo their own objects of desire, and both disguises emerge party from the loss of a male familial figure, the women inhabit their male facades in drastically different ways. In both playsRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1543 Words   |  7 Pagesthe antithesis sex, or just someone innominate in order to get our true feelings and emotions out. Similarly, Shakespeare utilizes the theme of disguise in countless plays, specifically in As you like it and Twelfth Night. Although many may postulate that he has disguised certain characters as the opposite gender solely for comedic purposes, the reason behind it is significantly deeper and complex. By disguising the actors as the opposite gender, also known as cross- dressing, Shakespeare introducesRead MoreHamlet And Twelfth Night Comparison Essay957 Words   |  4 Pagescomedies. Of them, Hamlet and Twelfth Night are perfect examples of both. A comparison between them could be of interest because their common points demonstrate that, however differing their genres are, Shakespeare’s plays essentially illustrate what it is to be human[1] . [2] Hamlet and Twelfth Night could both be compared through instances of body imagery, critical thought and social integration. In the first place, when it comes to body imagery in Hamlet and Twelfth Night, the first uses it as aRead MoreTwelfth Night Love Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pagescomedies. Twelfth Night is one of the finest comedies of the author. Shakespeare is driven by Viola’s decision to voluntarily conceal her identity and go to work as a servant for the lovesick Orsino.This disguise and gender confusion are there in the beginning of the play and finishes with happy ending. This paper tries to ascertain how Viola in Twelfth Night perform her disguise and become an ideal woman of Shakespeare’s own concept. There may be many reasons why, he keeps his female characters in disguiseRead MoreThe Twelfth Night By William Shakespeare1167 Words   |  5 Pagesin which characters play with gender stereotypes. Through changes to appearance and personality, characters disguise themselves to fit in with the opposite gender. Cross-dressing suggests that because the characters are female, they do not have the appropriate power they need for the situations they find themselves in, and when they achieve that power, they are still female and still manage to fulfill their goals. So, for a woman to have power does not mean she needs to stop being female but to stopRead MoreCompare And Contrast Hamlet And Twelfth Night1162 Words   |  5 PagesFrom Hilarity to Tragedy in Shakespeare: How Hamlet and Twelfth Night Compare By Zawadi Bunzigiye William Shakespeare wrote plays covering the breadth of human experience. They seem to have transcended the restraints of age because of the universal themes that they contain. His body of his work is comprised of genres of plays varying from tragedies to comedies. Of them, Hamlet and Twelfth Night are perfect examples of both. A comparison between them would be of interest because their common points

What We Talk About When We Talk About Love by Raymond Carver

What We Talk About When We Talk About Love by Raymond Carver The short story What We Talk About When We Talk About Love, by Raymond Carver, is about two married couples drinking gin and having a talk about the nature of love. The conversation is a little sloppy, and the characters make some comments which could either be meaningless because of excessive alcohol in the bloodstream, or could be the characters true feelings because of excessive alcohol in the bloodstream. Overall, the author uses this conversation to show that when a relationship first begins, the people involved may have misconceptions about their love, but this love will eventually die off or develop into something much more meaningful. The author sets the†¦show more content†¦Mel says, There was a time when I thought I loved my first wife more than life itself. But now I hate her guts. I do.; (p 114) Mels former relationship was once full of love, but eventually the love withered away until it was gone. Also, Mel talks about how love can continue even if you lose your first love. Mel says, And the terrible thing, the terrible thing is, but the good thing too, the saving grace, you might say, is that if something happened to one of us–excuse me for saying this–but if something happened to one of us tomorrow I think the other person would grieve for a while, you know, but then the surviving party would go out and love again, have someone else soon enough.; (p 114) In this quote, Mel reveals that if any one of them dies, his or her spouse would eventually lose the love they once had for him or her, and would then go and love another. So, the author has shown us that love can die off and be replaced by anger or hatred, or even love for another. In contrast to these fairly pessimistic views on love, the author describes an instance in which a couple found true love. Mel tells an anecdote of an old couple that was admitted to the emergency room after a very bad car accident. The two people were wrapped up in full body casts, and as a result they could not see each other. Mel noticed that the old man was very sad, evenShow MoreRelatedWhat we Talk About When We Talk about Love by Raymond Carver649 Words   |  3 PagesLove The story started with a group of four people drinking gin in a room. The first man to say the first word was Herb. Herb was a cardiologist his specialty was the heart. He started talking about the value of love. â€Å"Love is somewhat spiritual or agape in nature,† (1) He said. Herb also thought that the real love was nothing less than spiritual love. Herb’s idea of love was totally different with his wife’s idea of love. Terri was another member from the group. She told her friends that she hadRead MoreEssay about Raymond Carver (what We Talk About When We Talk About Love)892 Words   |  4 Pages Mel McGinnis of â€Å"What We Talk About When We Talk About Love† seems like that one guy that everyone seems to know. He stands out from others; he’s unique. You either love him or hate him. Mel is very much like one of my good friends. They are both very individualistic and hey are both annoying drunks. They are both interesting characters though. I think the author Raymond Carver created the character Mel based off someone he knew. Carver created Mel for one reason or anotherRead MoreWhat We Talking About When We Talk About Love By Raymond Carver1677 Words   |  7 PagesLove can be defined in many ways, but does anyone know the true meaning of it? In Raymond Carver’s short-story What We Talk About When We Talk About Love, he shows us the realism behind the true meaning of love with a menacing tone. This story particularly shows how different people may have different definitions of it that reflect who they are as a person by using strangle dialogue given by the characters and situations that reveal symbolic items. From the ironic remarks and slight rebuttals inRead More`` What We Talk About When We Talking About Love `` By Raymond Carver2397 Words   |  10 PagesWhat is love? Love can come from that of a friendship, a romantic relationship, the unconditional love that God has for one, or simply one person adoring another. These are all considered, in one form or another, love. Ho wever, as Mel McGinnis has asked: â€Å"what do any of us really know about love?† (333). Is love real, or is it just a figment of our imagination? What does the word LOVE even mean? The indefinability of love is the overlaying theme in the story â€Å"What We Talk About When We Talk AboutRead MoreWhat I Am About When We Talk About Love By Raymond Carver Essay1464 Words   |  6 PagesLove is a commonly misinterpreted concept that is many times taken for granted and unsurprisingly difficult to thoroughly comprehend. Love is an intangible conception and a condition of the mind that allows one to transcend emotional barriers between one another. In Raymond Carver’s short-story â€Å"What We Talk About When We Talk About Love†, love is illustrated in several different ways to provide insight on the various forms of love and how they transcend these emotional barriers. Love comes inRead MoreThe Sojourner And What We Talking About When We Talk About Love By Carson Mccullers And Raymond Carver1291 Words   |  6 PagesIn the short stories title The Sojourner and What We Talk About When We Talk About Love, written by Carson McCullers and Raymond Carver respectively, the writers tell a story about love and its changing attitudes. The main characters in these stories all vary in regard to their personalities and their individual idiosyncrasies, however, the message being conveyed by McCullers and Carver is that of the changing nature of love, and how it can impact an individual’s sense of self in respect to how oneRead MoreRaymond Carver1583 Words   |  7 PagesRaymond Carver (1938-1988) was a poet and a simple realist writer of short stories. His prose addresses the average working-class citizen. Bill Mullen describes the book that contains the short story â€Å"What We Talk About We Talk About Love† to the â€Å"distinctly post-mode rn fate of contemporary working-class Americans† (Bloom). The writings are depressing and riddled with failures in life. The textbook calls his school of writing â€Å"Alcoholic Blue-Collar Minimalist Hyperrealism† (Bayam). This is evidentRead MoreImportance of Symbolism in What We Talk About When We Talk About Love1027 Words   |  5 Pagesmake. What We Talk About When We Talk About Love is a short story about four friends trying to find the true meaning of love, trying to prove points through experience. In What We Talk About When We Talk About Love, Raymond Carver uses very strong symbolism to help convey the theme of the story. Instantly, it is easy to recognize that Carvers story will be one on love, since the title clearly mentions it. He introduces the characters, two married couples, who are having a discussion about loveRead MoreWhat We Talk About When We Talk About Love807 Words   |  4 PagesWhat We Talk About When We Talk About Love After analyzing Raymond Carver’s â€Å"What We Talk About When We Talk About Love,† it is easy to see that there are several different ideas concerning true love that the characters in the story are in dispute over. Terri’s idea of real love is the most valid out of the group at the table. All of the members of the group are rather confused as to what real love is. Terri is included as one of the confused. However, I believe that she is the closest to understandingRead MoreThe Most Important American Fiction Writer1661 Words   |  7 PagesRaymond Carver has been called â€Å"the most important American fiction writer in the second half of the twentieth century† and â€Å"the most influential American short story writer since Ernest Hemingway† (Kleepe vii). He was very successful despite his many difficult life experiences. Carver grew up during a very difficult time in America. However, early on, Carver and his wife believed their hard work would eventually pay off despite the challenges in the world around them. They thought it would fix almost

Robbins Organization Behavior Leadership Quiz Free Essays

string(99) " can differentiate leaders from non-leaders by focusing on personal qualities and characteristics\." Chapter 11 Leadership 1) John Kotter’s view argues that management focuses on coping with complexity, whereas leadership focuses on coping with ________. A) conflict B) success C) day-to-day matters D) morale E) change Answer: E Explanation: E) John Kotter of the Harvard Business School argues that management is about coping with complexity. Good management brings about order and consistency by drawing up formal plans, designing rigid organization structures, and monitoring results against the plans. We will write a custom essay sample on Robbins Organization Behavior Leadership Quiz or any similar topic only for you Order Now Leadership, in contrast, is about coping with change. Leaders establish direction by developing a vision of the future; then they align people by communicating this vision and inspiring them to overcome hurdles. Diff: 2Page Ref: 150 Objective: Management and Leadership Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 2) Leadership is best defined as ________. Similar essay: Absolute Statement A) the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals B) the process of drawing up formal plans and monitoring their implementation C) the process of carrying out the vision and strategy provided by management D) coordinating and staffing the organization and handling day-to-day problems E) the proper use of the influence gained exclusively as a result of one’s organizational position Answer: A Explanation: A) Leadership can be defined as the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals. Leaders can emerge from within a group as well as by formal appointment. Diff: 2Page Ref: 150 Objective: Leadership Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3) Which of the following statements regarding leadership is true? A) All leaders are managers. B) Formal rights ensure good leadership. C) All managers are leaders. D) All leaders are hierarchically superior to followers. E) Nonsanctioned leadership is as important as formal influence. Answer: E Explanation: E) The source of a leader’s influence may be formal, such as that provided by managerial rank in an organization. But not all leaders are managers, nor, for that matter, are all managers leaders. Just because an organization provides its managers with certain formal rights is no assurance they will lead effectively. Nonsanctioned leadership—the ability to influence that arises outside the formal structure of the organization—is often as important or more important than formal influence. Diff: 2Page Ref: 151 Objective: Leadership Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 4) Which theory of leadership differentiates leaders from nonleaders by focusing on personal qualities and characteristics? A) Fiedler’s model B) attributes theory C) LMX theory D) contingency theory E) trait theory Answer: E Explanation: E) Trait theories of leadership focus on personal qualities and characteristics. The search for personality, social, physical, or intellectual attributes that differentiate leaders from nonleaders goes back to the earliest stages of leadership research. Diff: 1Page Ref: 151 Objective: Trait Theories Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 5) Early research efforts at isolating leadership traits resulted in a number of dead ends. A breakthrough, of sorts, came when researchers began ________. A) organizing traits around the Big Five personality framework B) using the Keirsey Temperament Sorter C) using Cattell’s 16 personality factors D) focusing on Eysenck’s three factor model E) considering the Revised NEO Personality Inventory Answer: A Explanation: A) Early research efforts at isolating leadership traits resulted in a number of dead ends. By the 1990s, after numerous studies and analyses, about the best we could say was that most leaders â€Å"are not like other people,† but the particular traits that characterized them varied a great deal from review to review. A breakthrough, of sorts, came when researchers began organizing traits around the Big Five personality framework. Most of the dozens of traits in various leadership reviews fit under one of the Big Five, giving strong support to traits as predictors of leadership. Diff: 2Page Ref: 151 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 6) According to research, which of the Big Five personality traits is the most important in effective leaders? A) conscientiousness B) openness C) extraversion D) agreeableness E) emotional stability Answer: C Explanation: C) A comprehensive review of leadership literature, when organized around the Big Five, has found extraversion to be the most important trait of effective leaders but more strongly related to leader emergence than to leader effectiveness. Conscientiousness and openness to experience also showed strong relationships to leadership, though not quite as strong as extraversion. Diff: 1Page Ref: 151 Objective: Trait Theories Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 7) Emotional intelligence (EI) is critical to effective leadership because one of its core components is ________. A) conscientiousness B) empathy C) optimism D) intraversion E) perfectionism Answer: B Explanation: B) A core component of EI is empathy. Empathetic leaders can sense others’ needs, listen to what followers say (and don’t say), and read the reactions of others. The caring part of empathy, especially for the people with whom you work, is what inspires people to stay with a leader when the going gets rough. Diff: 1Page Ref: 152 Objective: Trait Theories Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 8) Which of the following statements accurately reflects the conclusions about the trait theories of leadership? A) Traits were better predictors of leadership 20 years ago than they are now. B) The Big Five traits are inadequate for predicting leadership. C) Traits are especially useful for distinguishing between effective and ineffective leaders. D) Traits do a good job of predicting the emergence of leaders. E) Overall, traits are poor predictors of leadership. Answer: D Explanation: D) Two conclusions can be offered about the effectiveness of the trait theory of leadership. First, traits can predict leadership. Twenty years ago, the evidence suggested otherwise. The Big Five seem to have rectified that. Second, traits do a better job predicting the emergence of leaders and the appearance of leadership than actually distinguishing between effective and ineffective leaders. Diff: 2Page Ref: 152 Objective: Trait Theories Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 9) Your company’s HR director is a believer in trait theories of leadership. He believes that he can differentiate leaders from non-leaders by focusing on personal qualities and characteristics. You read "Robbins Organization Behavior Leadership Quiz" in category "Essay examples" The HR director plans to promote Lawrence, a highly extroverted manager with a great deal of ambition and energy to the position of VP, Manufacturing. He asks for your expertise in helping him to apply trait theory to leadership selection within your company. The director believes that because of his innate characteristics, Lawrence will be highly effective at helping the company achieve its production goals. You advise the director against basing his decision purely on traits because ________. A) research has identified emotional stability as the strongest predictor of leadership effectiveness B) studies have found that the Big Five traits are difficult to identify in leaders C) studies have shown that traits are poor predictors of leadership effectiveness D) research has found that conscientiousness is a better predictor of effectiveness than extroversion E) research has shown that effective managers are often unlikely to become effective leaders Answer: C Explanation: C) Traits do a better job predicting the emergence of leaders and the appearance of leadership than actually distinguishing between effective and ineffective leaders. The fact that an individual exhibits the traits and others consider that person to be a leader does not necessarily mean the leader is successful at getting his or her group to achieve its goals. The context matters, too. Diff: 3Page Ref: 152 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Trait Theories Quest. Category: Application LO: 2 10) Which of the following theories of leadership implies that individuals can be trained to become leaders? A) trait theories B) LMX theory C) contingency theories D) behavioral theories E) Fiedler model Answer: D Explanation: D) The failures of early trait studies led researchers in the late 1940s through the 1960s to wonder whether there was something unique in the way effective leaders behave. While trait research provides a basis for selecting the right people for leadership, behavioral studies implied we could train people to be leaders. Diff: 2Page Ref: 152 Objective: Behavioral Theories Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 1) The Ohio State Studies narrowed the independent dimensions of leader behavior to two that substantially accounted for most of the leadership behavior described by employees: consideration and ________. A) employee-orientation B) empathy C) constructing vision D) initiating structure E) charisma Answer: D Explanation: D) Seeking to identify independent dimensions of leader behavior, the Ohio State Studies determined that two dimensions accounted for most effective leadership behavior: initiating structure and consideration. Initiating structure is the extent to which leaders are likely to define and structure their roles and those of their employees in the search for goal attainment. Consideration is the extent to which a leader’s job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees’ ideas, and regard for their feelings. Diff: 2Page Ref: 152 Objective: Ohio State Studies Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 12) In the context of behavioral dimensions of leadership identified in the Ohio State Studies, initiating structure refers to the extent to which ________. A) a person’s job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees’ ideas, and regard for their feelings B) a leader engages in participative management C) a leader is accepting of and respects individual differences among various team members D) a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of employees in the search for goal attainment E) a leader initiates efforts to communicate personally with employees Answer: D Explanation: D) As a behavioral dimension of leaders, initiating structure is the extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of employees in the search for goal attainment. It includes behavior that attempts to organize work, work relationships, and goals. Diff: 2Page Ref: 152 Objective: Initiating Structure Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 13) Kimberley, a manager at a large company, tends to assign group members to particular tasks, expects workers to maintain definite standards of performance, and emphasizes the meeting of deadlines. In the light of the Ohio State Studies, this indicates that Kimberley, as a leader, is ________. A) low in task orientation B) high in consideration C) relationship oriented D) employee oriented E) high in initiating structure Answer: E Explanation: E) Initiating structure is the extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of employees in the search for goal attainment. It includes behavior that attempts to organize work, work relationships, and goals. A leader high in initiating structure is someone who â€Å"assigns group members to particular tasks,† â€Å"expects workers to maintain definite standards of performance,† and â€Å"emphasizes the meeting of deadlines. † Diff: 3Page Ref: 152 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 2 14) In the context of behavioral dimensions of leadership identified in the Ohio State Studies, ________ is the extent to which a person’s job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees’ ideas, and regard for their feelings. A) consideration B) initiating structure C) production orientation D) task orientation E) position power Answer: A Explanation: A) In the context of behavioral dimensions of leadership identified in the Ohio State Studies, consideration is the extent to which a person’s job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees’ ideas, and regard for their feelings. Diff: 2Page Ref: 152 Objective: Consideration Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 15) Jim, a VP at a large company, helps employees with personal problems, is friendly and approachable, treats all employees as equals, and expresses appreciation and support. In the light of the Ohio State Studies, this indicates that Jim, as a leader, is ________. A) task oriented B) high in consideration C) high in initiating structure D) low in relationship orientation E) production oriented Answer: B Explanation: B) Consideration is the extent to which a person’s job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees’ ideas, and regard for their feelings. A leader high in consideration helps employees with personal problems, is friendly and approachable, treats all employees as equals, and expresses appreciation and support. Diff: 3Page Ref: 152 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 2 16) The two dimensions of leadership behavior identified in the University of Michigan studies are ________. A) absolute leadership and contingency leadership B) transformational leaders and authentic leaders C) employee-oriented leaders and production-oriented leaders D) initiating structure and consideration E) initiation and completion Answer: C Explanation: C) Leadership studies at the University of Michigan’s Survey Research Center located behavioral characteristics of leaders that appeared related to performance effectiveness: the employee-oriented leader and the production-oriented leader. The employee-oriented leader emphasized interpersonal relationships by taking a personal interest in the needs of employees and accepting individual differences among them; the production-oriented leader emphasized the technical or task aspects of the job—concern focused on accomplishing the group’s tasks. Diff: 2Page Ref: 153 Objective: University of Michigan Studies Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 17) The University of Michigan studies define a(n) ________ leader as one who takes a personal interest in the needs of his/her subordinates. A) contingency B) task-oriented C) employee-oriented D) production-oriented E) structure initiating Answer: C Explanation: C) According to the behavioral dimensions of leaders identified by the University of Michigan’s Survey Research Center, the employee-oriented leader emphasized interpersonal relationships by taking a personal interest in the needs of employees and accepting individual differences among them. Diff: 2Page Ref: 153 Objective: Employee-Oriented Leaders Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 8) If a leader’s main concern is accomplishing his/her group’s tasks, the University of Michigan studies label this leader ________. A) employee-oriented B) high in consideration C) relationship-oriented D) low in initiating structure E) production-oriented Answer: E Explanation: E) According to the behavioral dimensions identified by the University of Michigan’s Survey Research Center, the production-oriented leader emphasized the technical or tas k aspects of the job, his main concern being accomplishing the group’s tasks. Diff: 2Page Ref: 153 Objective: Production-Oriented Leaders Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 19) The behavioral dimensions identified by the University of Michigan’s Survey Research Center are closely related to those identified in the Ohio State Study. Employee-oriented leadership is similar to ________, and production-oriented leadership is similar to ________. A) initiating structure; consideration B) task-orientation; relationship-orientation C) transformational leadership; authentic leadership D) authentic leadership; transformational leadership E) consideration; initiating structure Answer: E Explanation: E) The behavioral dimensions identified by the University of Michigan’s Survey Research Center are closely related to the Ohio State dimensions. Employee-oriented leadership is similar to consideration, and production-oriented leadership is similar to initiating structure. In fact, most leadership researchers use the terms synonymously. Diff: 2Page Ref: 153 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 20) Contingency theories focus on the ________ that impact leadership success.. A) leader’s personal characteristics and qualities B) leader’s abilities to inspire and transform followers C) situational variables D) values and ethics E) aspects of the leader’s behavior Answer: C Explanation: C) Numerous studies have shown that predicting leadership success is more complex than isolating a few traits or behaviors, since leadership styles that are effective in very bad times or in very good times do not necessarily translate into long-term success. This idea led researchers to change their focus from trait and behavior theories to situational influences on leadership styles, or contingency theories. Diff: 1Page Ref: 154 Objective: Contingency Models Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 21) The first comprehensive contingency model for leadership was developed by ________. A) Hersey and Blanchard B) Blake and Mouton C) Fred Fiedler D) John Kotter E) Douglas Surber Answer: C Explanation: C) The first comprehensive contingency model for leadership was developed by Fred Fiedler. Fiedler believes that a key factor in leadership success is the individual’s basic leadership style. According to the Fiedler contingency model, effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leader’s style and the degree to which the situation gives the leader control. Diff: 1Page Ref: 154 Objective: Fiedler Contingency Model Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 22) Which model represents the theory that effective group performance depends on the proper match between a leader’s style and the degree to which the situation gives control to the leader? A) leader-member exchange model B) Fiedler’s contingency model C) Hersey and Blanchard’s situational leadership model D) Vroom and Yetton’s leader-participation model E) House’s path-goal model of leadership Answer: B Explanation: B) According to Fiedler’s Contingency Model, the key factor predicting leadership success is the individual’s basic leadership style. Since Fiedler assumes an individual’s leadership style is fixed, effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leader’s style and the degree to which the situation gives the leader control. Diff: 2Page Ref: 154 Objective: Fiedler Contingency Model Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 23) In Fiedler’s model, if a respondent describes his or her least preferred co-worker in relatively positive terms, then the respondent is considered to be ________. A) relationship oriented B) production-oriented C) task-oriented D) high in initiating structure E) low in consideration Answer: A Explanation: A) Fiedler’s least preferred coworker (LPC) questionnaire measures whether a person is task- or relationship-oriented by asking respondents to rate their least favorite coworker. If respondents describe their least favorite coworker in favorable terms (a high LPC score), they are probably relationship-oriented. In contrast, respondents who describe their least-preferred coworker in unfavorable terms (a low LPC score) are viewed as primarily interested in productivity and as being task-oriented. Diff: 3Page Ref: 154 Objective: Least Preferred Coworker Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 4) If a survey respondent sees his or her least preferred co-worker in unfavorable terms, Fiedler would categorize the respondent as ________. A) high in consideration B) task-oriented C) low in initiating structure D) employee-oriented E) relationship oriented Answer: B Explanation: B) Fiedler’s least preferred coworker (LPC) questionnaire measures whether a person i s task- or relationship-oriented by asking respondents to rate their least favorite coworker. Respondents who describe their least-preferred coworker in unfavorable terms (a low LPC score) are viewed as primarily interested in productivity and as being task-oriented. Conversely, respondents who describe their least-favorite coworker in favorable terms (a high LPC score) are considered to be relationship-oriented. Diff: 2Page Ref: 154 Objective: Least Preferred Coworker Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 25) Fran has just completed and scored the LPC questionnaire given to her during an evaluation exercise. She is surprised when she finds out that she described her least preferred co-worker in relatively positive terms because she recalls being particularly annoyed by this difficult co-worker several times in the past. Based on your understanding of Fiedler’s model, you explain to Fran that her LPC score makes sense within the model because ________. A) Fran tends to become very dominating when given ambiguous tasks B) Fran is usually much more focused on productivity than on developing relationships C) Fran tends in general to focus on building good relationships with the other employees D) Fran has a spotty work history and has tended to switch jobs every couple of years E) Fran is usually chosen for positions of high responsibility within your organization Answer: C Explanation: C) If you describe the person you are least able to work with in favorable terms (a high LPC score), Fiedler would label you relationship oriented. In contrast, if you see your least preferred co-worker in relatively unfavorable terms (a low LPC score), you are primarily interested in productivity and are task oriented. Diff: 3Page Ref: 154 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Least Preferred Coworker Quest. Category: Application LO: 3 26) Fiedler’s contingency leadership model assumes that ________. A) an individual’s leadership style is essentially fixed B) an individual can use the LPC to change his/her style to a more productive style C) there is no ideal way to match leadership styles with situations D) all leaders can learn to adapt to different contingencies E) each person’s style will change in accordance with the situation at hand Answer: A Explanation: A) Fiedler assumes an individual’s leadership style is fixed. This means if a situation requires a task-oriented leader and the person in the leadership position is relationship oriented, either the situation has to be modified or the leader has to be replaced to achieve optimal effectiveness. Diff: 2Page Ref: 154 Objective: Fiedler Contingency Model Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 27) Fiedler labels the degree of confidence, trust, and respect that subordinates have in their leader as ________. A) leader-member relations B) task structure C) positional power D) leader-member exchange E) leader-member orientation Answer: A Explanation: A) Fiedler identified three contingency or situational dimensions to leadership success, including leader-member relations, task structure, and position power. Leader-member relations is the degree of confidence, trust, and respect members have in their leader. Diff: 1Page Ref: 154 Objective: Leader-Member Relations Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 28) Which of the following situational dimensions identified by Fiedler relates to the degree to which job assignments are procedurized, that is, structured or unstructured? A) leader-member relations B) task orientation C) task structure D) initiating structure E) productivity oriented Answer: C Explanation: C) Fiedler identified three contingency or situational dimensions in which certain types of leaders might excel or fail, including leader-member relations, task structure, and position power. Task structure is the degree to which job assignments are procedurized (that is, structured or unstructured). Leaders who are task-oriented, Fielder proposes, perform best when the situation is very favorable or very unfavorable. Diff: 1Page Ref: 154 Objective: Task Structures Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 29) In the context of Fiedler’s model, the situational dimension termed ________ relates to the degree of influence a leader has over power variables such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increases. A) task structure B) leader-member exchange C) position power D) initiating structure E) leader-member relations Answer: C Explanation: C) In the context of Fiedler’s model, the situational dimension termed position power relates to the degree of influence a leader has over power variables such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increases. Diff: 1Page Ref: 154 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 30) If you were using the Fielder contingency model of leadership to establish a scenario in your company which gives managers maximum control, which of the following combinations of situational dimensions would you seek to achieve? A) high task structure, good leader-member relations, and strong position power B) limited position power, good leader-member relations, and low task structure C) less structured jobs, strong position power, and moderate leader-member relations D) broad employee responsibilities, low position power, and moderate leader-member relations E) good leader-member relations, low position power, unstructured jobs Answer: A Explanation: A) The Fiedler contingency model proposes that effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leader’s style and the degree to which the situation gives the leader control. Fiedler states that the better the leader–member relations, the more highly structured the job, and the stronger the position power, the more control the leader has. Diff: 3Page Ref: 154 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 3 31) According to the Fiedler contingency model of leadership, task-oriented leaders perform best in situations of ________, while relationship-oriented leaders perform best in ________ situations. A) moderate control; high and low control B) high control; low and moderate control C) high and moderate control; low control D) high and low control; moderate control E) moderate and low control; high control Answer: D Explanation: D) In the Fiedler contingency model, combining the three contingency dimensions yields eight possible situations in which leaders can find themselves. Fiedler recently condensed these eight situations down to three. According to him, task-oriented leaders perform best in situations of high and low control, while relationship-oriented leaders perform best in moderate control situations. Diff: 2Page Ref: 154 Objective: Matching Leaders and Situations Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 2) Which of the following leadership theories argues that because of time pressures, leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of their subordinates—the in-group, who are trusted, get a disproportionate amount of the leader’s attention, and are more likely to receive special privileges? A) situational leadership theory B) leader-member exchange C) path-goal D) expectancy E) Fiedler’s theory Answer: B Explanation: B) Leader–member exchange (LMX) theory proposes that, because of time pressures, leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of their followers. These individuals make up the in-group. Members of the in-group are trusted, get a disproportionate amount of the leader’s attention, and are more likely to receive special privileges. Other followers fall into the out-group. Diff: 1Page Ref: 156 Objective: Leader-Member Exchange Theory Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 As you have observed your department manager and her interactions with the department’s employees, you have come to believe in LMX theory. Sarah and Joe get less of the manager’s time. Sally gets fewer of the preferred rewards that the manager controls and John has a relationship with the manager based on formal authority interactions. Rebecca is trusted. Jennifer gets a disproportionate amount of the manager’s attention and is more likely to receive special privileges. 33) According to LMX theory, the in-group is likely to be composed of ________. A) Rebecca and Jennifer only B) Jennifer only C) Rebecca only D) John, Rebecca, and Jennifer only E) Sarah, Joe, Sally, and John only Answer: A Explanation: A) The LMX theory proposes that early in the history of the interaction between a leader and a given follower, the leader implicitly categorizes the follower as an â€Å"in† or an â€Å"out,† and that relationship is relatively stable over time. Leaders induce LMX by rewarding those employees with whom they want a closer linkage and punishing those with whom they do not. Diff: 3Page Ref: 156 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: In-Group Quest. Category: Application LO: 3 34) According to LMX theory, which of the following employees is likely to be included in the out-group? A) Rebecca only B) Jennifer only C) Sarah and Jennifer only D) Sarah and Joe only E) Sarah, Joe, Sally, and John only Answer: E Explanation: E) The LMX theory proposes that early in the history of the interaction between a leader and a given follower, the leader implicitly categorizes the follower as an â€Å"in† or an â€Å"out,† and that relationship is relatively stable over time. Leaders induce LMX by rewarding those employees with whom they want a closer linkage and punishing those with whom they do not. Diff: 3Page Ref: 156 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Out-Group Quest. Category: Application LO: 3 35) According to the LMX theory, a leader implicitly categorizes followers as â€Å"in† or â€Å"out† ________. A) after careful performance analysis B) on a temporary basis C) early in the interaction D) because of political pressure E) only after several months of working together Answer: C Explanation: C) The LMX theory proposes that early in the history of the interaction between a leader and a given follower, the leader implicitly categorizes the follower as an â€Å"in† or an â€Å"out,† and that relationship is relatively stable over time. Diff: 2Page Ref: 156 Objective: Leader-Member Exchange Theory Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 36) According to research relating to the LMX theory of leadership, which of the following does not appear to characterize in-group members? A) demographic characteristics similar to those of the leader B) attitudes similar to those of the leader C) personality characteristics similar to those of the leader D) gender opposite to that of the leader E) higher level of competence than out-group members Answer: D Explanation: D) Just how the leader chooses who falls into each category is unclear, but there is evidence in-group members have demographic, attitude, and personality characteristics similar to those of their leader or a higher level of competence than out-group members. Leaders and followers of the same gender tend to have closer (higher LMX) relationships than those of different genders. Diff: 2Page Ref: 156 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 37) Which of the following is true according to research testing the LMX theory of leadership? A) There is substantive evidence that leaders differentiate among followers. B) Disparities in how leaders treat different followers are largely random. C) The in-group shows no measurable difference in positive outcomes compared to the out-group. D) In-group members usually show lesser â€Å"citizenship† behavior at work. E) In-group members are no more satisfied with their leader than out-group members. Answer: A Explanation: A) Research to test LMX theory has been generally supportive, with substantive evidence that leaders do differentiate among followers; these disparities are far from random; and followers with in-group status will have higher performance ratings, engage in more helping or â€Å"citizenship† behaviors at work, and report greater satisfaction with their superior. Diff: 2Page Ref: 156 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 8) Believing that in-group members are the most competent, leaders invest their resources in them. This, in turn, leads the in-group members to show higher levels of performance at their jobs. This chain of events reflects the concept of ________. A) assumption fallacy B) reverse engineering C) self-fulfilling prophecy D) Newcomb’s paradox E) predestination paradox Answer: C Explanation: C) Followers with in-group status will have higher perfor mance ratings, engage in more helping or â€Å"citizenship† behaviors at work, and report greater satisfaction with their superior. These positive findings for in-group members reflect the concept of self-fulfilling prophecy; leaders invest their resources with those they expect to perform best—the in-group members—and thus unwittingly fulfill their prophecy. Diff: 2Page Ref: 156-157 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 39) Who was first researcher to consider charismatic leadership in terms of OB? A) Max Weber B) Robert House C) Fred Fiedler D) John Kotter E) Douglas Surber Answer: B Explanation: B) The first researcher to consider charismatic leadership in terms of OB was Robert House. According to House’s charismatic leadership theory, followers attribute heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors. Diff: 1Page Ref: 157 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 40) Which theory of leadership proposes that followers attribute heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors? A) transformational leadership theory B) authentic leadership theory C) transactional leadership theory D) attributional leadership theory E) charismatic leadership theory Answer: E Explanation: E) According to House’s charismatic leadership theory, followers attribute heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors. A number of studies have attempted to identify the characteristics of charismatic leaders: they have a vision, they are willing to take personal risks to achieve that vision, they are sensitive to follower needs, and they exhibit extraordinary behaviors. Diff: 1Page Ref: 157 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 41) Which of the following is not a key characteristic of a charismatic leader? A) sensitivity to follower needs B) unconventional behavior C) vision and articulation D) focus on maintaining status quo E) willingness to take risks Answer: D Explanation: D) Charismatic leadership theory, developed by Robert House, is based on the idea that when followers observe certain behaviors displayed by a leader, they view that leader as having extraordinary or even heroic leadership abilities. Recent studies have sought to identify these specific behaviors. Charismatic leaders appear to possess key characteristics, ncluding sensitivity to follower needs, unconventional behavior, vision and articulation, and willingness to take risks. Diff: 2Page Ref: 157 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 42) Which of the following is true regarding whether charismatic leaders are born or made? A) Charismatic individuals are not born with traits that make them charismatic. B) Charismatic leaders are usually not achievement oriented. C) Charisma cannot be learned. D) Most experts b elieve individuals can be trained to exhibit charismatic behaviors. E) Personality has shown no link to charismatic leadership. Answer: D Explanation: D) Individuals are born with traits that make them charismatic. Personality is also related to charismatic leadership; charismatic leaders are likely to be extraverted, self-confident, and achievement oriented. Although a small minority thinks charisma is inherited and cannot be learned, most experts believe individuals can be trained to exhibit charismatic behaviors. Diff: 2Page Ref: 158 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 43) According to evidence, what is the first step a charismatic leader takes to influence followers? A) developing a formal vision statement B) engaging in emotion-inducing and often unconventional behavior C) setting an example for followers through actions and words D) articulating an appealing vision E) communicating high performance expectations Answer: D Explanation: D) Evidence suggests that charismatic leaders follow a four-step process to influence followers. This process begins with articulating an appealing vision, a long-term strategy for attaining a goal by linking the present with a better future for the organization. Desirable visions fit the times and circumstances and reflect the uniqueness of the organization. Diff: 2Page Ref: 158 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 44) Which of the following is true about the effectiveness of charismatic leadership? A) Research shows scant correlations between charismatic leadership and high performance. B) Charisma may not always be generalizable. C) Charisma appears most successful when the environment is stress-free. D) Charismatic leaders usually surface when the organization is stable and successful. E) Charismatic leadership qualities are best utilized in lower-level management jobs. Answer: B Explanation: B) Research shows impressive correlations between charismatic leadership and high performance and satisfaction among followers. However, charisma may not always be generalizable; its effectiveness may depend on the situation. Charisma appears most successful when the follower’s task has an ideological component or the environment includes a high degree of stress and uncertainty. It’s more difficult to utilize a person’s charismatic leadership qualities in lower-level management jobs. Diff: 2Page Ref: 159 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 45) Leaders who clarify role and task requirements to accomplish established goals exhibit a(n) _________ style of leadership. A) transformational B) transactional C) charismatic D) authentic E) situational Answer: B Explanation: B) Recent studies, including the Ohio State Studies, Fiedler’s model, and path-goal theory, have focused on the differences between transformational leaders and transactional leaders. In contrast to ransformational leaders who inspire their followers to transcend their self-interests for the good of the organization, transactional leaders encourage their followers to achieve goals by defining specific goals and task requirements. Diff: 1Page Ref: 160 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 46) ________ leaders inspire followers to transcend their self-interests for the good of the organization and can have an extraordinary effect on their followers. A) Transformational B) Transaction al C) Task oriented D) Laissez-faire E) Transcendental Answer: A Explanation: A) Transformational leaders can have an extraordinary effect on their followers, inspiring them toward selfless goals that benefit the larger organization. These types of leaders inspire their followers by paying attention to their concerns, helping them rethink old problems in new ways, and encouraging them to achieve goals as a group. Diff: 1Page Ref: 160 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 47) In terms of the full range of leadership model, which leader behavior is the least effective? A) management by exception (active) B) contingent reward C) management by exception (passive) D) individualized consideration E) laissez-faire Answer: E Explanation: E) According to the full range of leadership model, laissez-faire is the most passive and therefore least effective of leader behaviors. Management by exception—active or passive—is slightly better than laissez-faire. Diff: 1Page Ref: 160 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 48) According to the full range of leadership model, which of the following leader behaviors will enable leaders to motivate followers to perform above expectations and transcend their self-interest for the sake of the organization? A) management by exception (active) B) contingent reward C) individualized consideration D) management by exception (passive) E) laissez-faire Answer: C Explanation: C) According to the full range of leadership model, leadership behaviors including laissez-faire, management by exception (active or passive), and contingent reward will not get employees to go above and beyond the call of duty. Only with the four styles of transformational leadership—individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, and idealized influence—are leaders able to motivate followers to perform above expectations and transcend their self-interest for the sake of the organization. Diff: 1Page Ref: 160 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 49) Richard is a transactional leader who has just assigned a series of tasks to a project team. Which of the following is most likely to be true about the team’s performance under Richard’s guidance? A) They will set new standards of productivity for the department, exceeding Richard’s expectations. B) They will meet the goals set for them but are unlikely to go beyond those goals. C) They will tend to be unclear about the roles assigned to each team member. D) They will be highly motivated by what they view as Richard’s heroic or extraordinary qualities. E) They will tend to put the interests of the company above individual self-interest. Answer: B Explanation: B) Transactional leaders set goals for their employees and define roles and expectations. Unlike transformational leaders, however, transactional leaders are unlikely to motivate their employees to exceed expectations or go beyond the call of duty. Diff: 3Page Ref: 160 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 4 50) Researchers are conducting a study of a company called Acme Corp. which they believe to be led by a transformational leader. Which of the following, if true, would most support the conclusion that Acme’s leader is a transformational leader? A) Acme’s top managers often disagree over defining the organization’s goals. B) Acme’s goals tend to be very ambitious and to hold personal value for employees. C) Acme has a centra lized decision-making structure. D) Acme’s performance has held at average levels for the past three years. E) Acme’s compensation plans are designed to reward short-term results. Answer: B Explanation: B) In companies with transformational leaders, followers are more likely to pursue ambitious goals, agree on the strategic goals of the organization, and believe the goals they are pursuing are personally important. There is greater decentralization of responsibility, managers have more propensity to take risks, and compensation plans are geared toward long-term results. All these factors result in superior organizational performance. Diff: 3Page Ref: 160 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 4 51) Two companies, Roland Media and Go! Corp, are both headed by ransformational leaders. However, Roland Media showed much greater profitability over a 5-year time period than did Go! Corp. Which of the following best explains why Roland Media performed better than Go! Corp under transformational leadership? A) Roland Media’s leader goes through a complex bureaucratic structure, whereas Go! Corp’s leader regularly interacts with the company’ s workforce to make decisions. B) Unlike Go! Corp’s employees, Roland Media’s employees don’t readily give up decision-making authority. C) Roland Media is a small, privately held firm, whereas Go! Corp is a large, complex public company. D) Roland Media is headquartered in a low power distance region, whereas Go! Corp is headquartered in a country that is high in power distance. E) Roland Media’s employees tend to be more highly individualistic than do Go! Corp’s employees. Answer: C Explanation: C) Transformational leadership is most effective in small, privately held companies. It is less effective in complex organizations. Transformational leaders are more effective in improving group potency in teams higher in power distance and collectivism. They are less effective when leaders must deal with bureaucratic structures, when employees are highly individualistic, and when employees don’t easily give up decision-making authority. Diff: 3Page Ref: 162 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 4 52) Which of the following would best serve as evidence to support the conclusion that an individual is an authentic leader? A) The leader is cautious about information sharing and tends to provide updates only to top management. B) In business exchanges, the leader puts the company’s bottom line before his or her ideals. C) The leader acts in the company’s best interest as long as those interests don’t conflict with his personal ambitions. D) The leader constantly questions his or her values. E) The leader inspires a great deal of trust in his or her followers. Answer: E Explanation: E) Authentic leaders know who they are, know what they believe in and value, and act on those values and beliefs openly and candidly. Their followers consider them ethical people. The primary quality produced by authentic leadership, therefore, is trust. Authentic leaders share information, encourage open communication, and stick to their ideals. Diff: 3Page Ref: 163 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 53) The concept of authentic leadership focuses on ________. A) the moral aspects of being a leader B) the unconventional behavior of the leader C) the readiness of followers D) the situational component of leadership E) the transactional aspect of leadership Answer: A Explanation: A) Authentic leaders know who they are, know what they believe in and value, and act on those values and beliefs openly and candidly. Their followers consider them ethical people. This concept is a promising way to think about ethics and trust in leadership because it focuses on the moral aspects of being a leader. Diff: 2Page Ref: 163 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 54) The concept of socialized charismatic leadership seeks to integrate charismatic leadership with ________ leadership. A) transformational B) production-oriented C) relational D) ethical E) transactional Answer: D Explanation: D) Scholars have tried to integrate ethical and charismatic leadership by advancing the idea of socialized charismatic leadership—leadership that conveys other centered (not self centered) values by leaders who model ethical conduct. Socialized charismatic leaders are able to bring employee values in line with their own values through their words and actions. Diff: 1Page Ref: 163 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 55) ________ is a psychological state that exists when you agree to make yourself vulnerable to another because you have positive expectations about how things are going to turn out. A) Consideration B) Trust C) Empowerment D) Empathy E) Respect Answer: B Explanation: B) Trust is a psychological state that exists when you agree to make yourself vulnerable to another because you have positive expectations about how things are going to turn out. Even though you aren’t completely in control of the situation, you are willing to take a chance that the other person will come through for you. Diff: 1Page Ref: 164 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 56) All of the following are consequences of a relationship of trust between supervisors and employees, except that ________. A) trust facilitates information sharing B) trusting groups are more effective C) trust discourages taking risks D) trust enhances productivity E) company bottom-lines are positively influenced by trust Answer: C Explanation: C) Trust between supervisors and employees is related to a number of positive employment outcomes. Trust encourages taking risks, facilitates information sharing, and enhances productivity. Trusting groups are more effective. Diff: 2Page Ref: 165 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 57) Which of the following statements accurately describes the attribution theory of leadership? A) Leadership is merely an attribution people make about other individuals. B) Good leaders attribute their successes to their team or group members. C) Leadership qualities are attributions that are independent of performance. D) The achievement of group goals are rarely attributed to good leadership. E) Leadership is an attribute that individuals are born with. Answer: A Explanation: A) The attribution theory of leadership says leadership is merely an attribution people make about other individuals. Thus we attribute to leaders intelligence, outgoing personality, strong verbal skills, aggressiveness, understanding, and industriousness. At the organizational level, we tend to see leaders, rightly or wrongly, as responsible for extremely negative or extremely positive performance. Diff: 2Page Ref: 165 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 5 58) The President of a small Asian country was hailed as a visionary and a genius when the nation’s economy burgeoned during his first term in office. However, when the currency and the stock-markets crashed during his government’s second term, he was censured as arrogant, elitist, and short-sighted. This scenario reflects the ________ theory of leadership. A) traits B) behavioral C) LMX D) substitutes E) attribution Answer: E Explanation: E) The attribution theory of leadership says leadership is merely an attribution people make about other individuals. Thus we attribute to leaders intelligence, outgoing personality, strong verbal skills, aggressiveness, understanding, and industriousness. At the organizational level, we tend to see leaders, rightly or wrongly, as responsible for extremely negative or extremely positive performance. Diff: 3Page Ref: 165 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 5 59) According to research, which of the following is true about demographic assumptions that are made about leaders? A) Leaders are likely to be assumed to be white. B) White leaders are no more likely to be rated effective than leaders from other racial groups. C) Teams invariably prefer male leaders. D) Teams prefer female leaders when aggressively competing against other teams. E) Teams prefer male leaders when the competition is within teams and calls for improving positive relationships within the group. Answer: A Explanation: A) Respondents in a study assumed a leader described with no identifying racial information was white at a rate beyond the base rate of white employees in a company. In scenarios where identical leadership situations are described but the leaders’ race is manipulated, white leaders are rated as more effective than leaders of other racial groups. Diff: 2Page Ref: 166 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 5 60) Zenith Technologies has a very flat organizational system with few managers. Instead, it has a rigid system of clear, formalized goals, clear procedures, and cohesive work groups. In this case, the various components of the organizational system are acting as ________ to formal leadership by replacing the support and ability offered by leaders. A) detriments B) traits C) attributes D) substitutes E) supplements Answer: D Explanation: D) One theory of leadership suggests that in many situations leaders’ actions are irrelevant. Experience and training are among the substitutes that can replace the need for a leader’s support or ability to create structure. Organizational characteristics such as explicit formalized goals, rigid rules and procedures, and cohesive work groups can also replace formal leadership. Diff: 3Page Ref: 166 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 5 61) Trust which is based on a mutual understanding of each other’s intentions and appreciation of the other’s wants and desires is referred to as ________. A) substitute trust B) identification-based trust C) attributional trust D) assumption-based trust E) socialized trust Answer: B Explanation: B) Identification-based trust, based on a mutual understanding of each other’s intentions and appreciation of the other’s wants and desires, is particularly difficult to achieve without face-to-face interaction. It’s not yet clear whether it’s even possible for employees to identify with or trust leaders with whom they communicate only electronically. Diff: 1Page Ref: 167 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 5 2) Because he has an internationally based team, Leo and the team do most of their business communications via e-mail. Which of the following represents what is least likely to be true of Leo’s experience working with the team in an online environment? A) Leo relies heavily on his written skills to communicate support and inspiration. B) Team members must be particularly adept at reading emotions in others’ mess ages C) Team members tend to have high levels of identification-based trust. D) Negotiations between team members sometimes stall due to lack of trust. E) Leo uses written communication to reinforce what he conveys to team members verbally. Answer: C Explanation: C) Online leaders confront unique challenges, particularly around developing and maintaining trust. Identification-based trust, based on a mutual understanding of each other’s intentions and appreciation of the others wants and desires, is particularly difficult to achieve without face-to-face interaction. Leo’s team would be least likely to experience high levels of identification-based trust. Online negotiations might also be hindered because parties express lower levels of trust. Diff: 2Page Ref: 167 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 5 63) According to the GLOBE project, which of the following is true of the leadership style preferred by Brazilian employees? A) leaders high on consideration B) leaders with a nonparticipative style C) leaders who take self-governing decisions D) leaders who act alone without engaging the group E) task oriented leaders Answer: A Explanation: A) Based on the values of Brazilian employees, leaders in Brazil would need to be team oriented, participative, and humane. Leaders high on consideration who emphasize participative decision making and have high LPC scores would be best suited to managing employees in this culture. Brazilians do not prefer leaders who take self-governing decisions and act alone without engaging the group. Diff: 2Page Ref: 168 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 6 64) According to the GLOBE project, which of the following is true of the leadership style preferred by employees in France? A) people-oriented leaders B) leaders with high LPC scores C) leaders with a participative decision-making style D) leaders with high initiating structure E) relationship oriented leaders Answer: D Explanation: D) Compared to U. S. employees, the French have a more bureaucratic view of leaders and are less likely to expect them to be humane and considerate. A leader high on initiating structure (relatively task oriented) will do best and can make decisions in a relatively autocratic manner. A manager who scores high on consideration (people oriented) may find that style backfiring in France. Diff: 2Page Ref: 168 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 6 5) According to the GLOBE study on the global implications of leadership, employees in this country are more likely to value team-oriented and participative leadership than U. S. employees. However, since it has a relatively high-power-distance culture, status differences between leaders and followers are expected. Therefore, the leader should ask employees for their opinions, try to minimize conflicts, but not be afraid to take charge and mak e the final decision (after consulting team members). Identify this country. A) China B) Brazil C) Egypt D) France E) Sweden Answer: C Explanation: C) Employees in Egypt are more likely to value team-oriented and participative leadership than U. S. employees. However, Egypt is also a relatively high-power-distance culture, meaning status differences between leaders and followers are expected. So, a manager must be participative yet demonstrate his or her high level of status by asking employees for their opinions, trying to minimize conflicts, and yet not being afraid to take charge and making the final decision (after consulting team members). Diff: 2Page Ref: 168 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 6 66) According to the GLOBE project, which of the following is true of the leadership style preferred by employees in China? A) leaders who are team-oriented and humane B) leaders with high LPC scores C) leaders who take self-governing decisions D) leaders with a moderately participative style E) leaders who act alone without engaging the group Answer: D Explanation: D) According to the GLOBE study, Chinese culture emphasizes being polite, considerate, and unselfish, but it also has a high performance orientation. These two factors suggest consideration and initiating structure may both be important. Although Chinese culture is relatively participative compared to that of the United States, there are also status differences between leaders and employees. This suggests a moderately participative style may work best. Diff: 2Page Ref: 168 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 6 Leo supervises a global team of project members based in multiple countries. Maria is Brazilian; Jean-Paul is French, Amit is Egyptian, and Xiang is Chinese. Leo is American and is based in the United States. 7) In the light on the findings of the GLOBE project, which team members can be expected to respond most favorably when Leo exhibits high levels of initiating structure? A) Jean-Paul and Xiang B) Amit and Xiang C) Maria and Jean-Paul D) Amit and Maria E) Xiang and Amit Answer: A Explanation: A) France and China are countries where individuals tend to value initiating structure. The French have a bureaucratic view of leaders and expect leaders to make decisions relatively autocratically. The Chinese have a high performance orientation that emphasizes status differences between employees. Leaders with high initiating structures therefore have better results in these countries. Diff: 3Page Ref: 168 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Behavioral Theories Quest. Category: Application LO: 6 68) Which of the following team members would be least likely to respond favorably if Leo made project-related decisions independently, without consulting the team? A) Maria B) Jean-Paul C) Amit D) Xiang E) Maria and Jean-Paul Answer: A Explanation: A) Brazilians value participatory decision-making. Maria would thus be least likely to respond favorably to autocratic decision-making on Leo’s part. As one Brazilian manager remarked in a research study, â€Å"We do not prefer leaders who take self-governing decisions and act alone without engaging the group. That’s part of who we are. † Diff: 3Page Ref: 168 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 6 69) The team agrees that a large component of the project will be carried out at the Chinese headquarters, with Xiang responsible for leading that support team. Based on what the GLOBE project concludes about Chinese culture, which of the following leader behaviors would be most effective? A) infrequent decision-making B) highly participatory decision-making C) autocratic decision-making D) decision-making without initiating structure E) moderately participatory decision-making Answer: E Explanation: E) Chinese culture emphasizes being polite, considerate, and unselfish, but it also has a high performance orientation. These two factors suggest consideration and initiating structure may both be important. Although Chinese culture is relatively participative compared to that of the United States, there are also status differences between leaders and employees. This suggests a moderately participative style may work best there. Diff: 3Page Ref: 168 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 6 70) In carrying out a transformational approach to overseeing the project, Leo strives to implement the universal elements of transformational leadership. He most likely implements all of the following except ________. A) vision B) providing encouragement C) positiveness D) proactiveness E) silent leadership Answer: E Explanation: E) The silence of a leader is very powerful in Japan, but not necessarily in other countries. Silent leadership is, therefore, not considered one of the university elements of transformational leadership. The elements are: vision, foresight, providing encouragement, trustworthiness, dynamism, positiveness, and proactiveness. Diff: 1Page Ref: 168 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 6 71) The term leadership is synonymous with management. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Although often used interchangeably, the terms leadership and management have two different meanings. John Kotter of the Harvard Business School argues that management is the ability to cope with complexity. Leadership, by contrast, is defined as the ability to cope with change. Diff: 1Page Ref: 150 Objective: Management and Leadership Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 72) Nonsanctioned leadership is usually less important than formal influence. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Nonsanctioned leadership—the ability to influence that arises outside the formal structure of the organization—is often as important or more important than formal How to cite Robbins Organization Behavior Leadership Quiz, Essay examples

Designate Loosely The Palette Of Algorithm â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Designate Loosely The Palette Of Algorithm? Answer: Introduction The term big data can be referred to as designate loosely the palette of algorithm, system and technology, which are employed mainly to collect data which is of unprecedented variety and volume with a intention of extracting value from them by means of massive parallel advanced analytics of parallel computing (Marinos, 2013). The source of Big data are diverse and many. The candidate of the data providers and generators can be mainly be considered into many categories which can include mobile communication devices and network, internet of things and web based application. The usage of big data has increased over the few years, the various form of algorithm, technology and with it their system resources are gradually reaching a level of development and suitable maturity level for its widespread adoption (Marinos, Belmonte Rekleitis, 2014). ENISA elaborates on the different thread which are related to the Big data, this technology have gained much of a traction in the recent years and is forecasted to play a significant role in the near future which can be estimated to play a role in different sphere of the society, ranging from climate, food security, intelligent system related to transport and installation of smart cities. It can be stated that the big data approach can be used in a way to interact with extremely high tech and novel ICT technology, with very little time to mature against the cybercrime or attack, it can be a surprise that the impact of the cybercrime is increasing in trend in both the number associated with it and the sophistication and the impact produced by the factor. Provide a brief overview of the case study and prepare a diagram for the ENISA Big Data security infrastructure. Relating to the case study of ENISA, threads are elaborated on threats that can be related to the big data. Considering on the various aspect of the society there has be seen a considerable traction within the time period of few years thus it can be seen that the concept of information technology and data storage would play a dominant role (Barnard-Wills, 2014). The different field that can be linked with the big data and information technology are health security, food security, climate and resource factor which are efficient to the energy, smart city implementation and intelligent system of transport. Acknowledgment have been from the European commission with regards to the potential impact of the big data with emphasis on the big data technologies main potential impact (Lvy-Bencheton et al., 2015). When relating to the economic drive big data can be conceived in the system of organisation. In the field of research and science there is a big impact of big data which is continuing t o escalate (Karchefsky Rao, 2017). Thus the launch of big data project are being initiated in many agencies and institutions all across the globe for exploiting better analysis of data and cloud computing. It can be applied in the field of military which can be related to assisting in fighting virtual or combat or real terrorism. Collecting information from heterogeneous sources in order to identify are considered to have a huge impact on the overall concept. Highly novel and high tech ICT system are mainly incorporated in the approach of the big data. On the other hand the use of technology of big data has increased frequently which is related to the chances of cyber-attacks, hacking and data breaches (Lehto, 2015). The increase in the kind of challenges of attack has increased the trending in impact and sophisticated. With the increase of the number of usability relating to the big data in organisation and business, the attackers get more reward in order to develop and specializes attack against the concept of analysis of big data (Marinos, Belmonte Rekleitis, 2014). The technology has also the capability of focusing its impact on the cyber threats by means of offering security professional and privacy that has the valuable insight in the management threats and incidents (Rhee et al., 2013). The threat landscapes in the field of big data are delivered by the ENISA, by the input which comes from ENISA threat landscape activities. The case study in this scenario relates to the architecture, ENISA threat taxonomy which is mainly targeted to the audience of the big data approaches, the asset big data taxonomy, the methodology by which the case study is approached and carried out, gap in the study is identified and finally a recommendation is being provided in this case (Cho et al., 2016). In ENISA depiction of the cloud computing is in the infrastructure layer. This can be related to the infrastructure requirement for example cost effectiveness, elasticity and the ability which can be related to the scaling up and down. The aspect which is followed by the big data are: Integration processed layer: This layer is mainly concerned with the pre-processing operation data acquiring which is considered important factor hence as a result of which dataset is integrated to a structured form. Data source layer: This layer is considered with the streaming of the data from the sensor, data source which are disparate sources of data and information which is mainly structured, semi structured and unstructured. Data store layer: Large variety of resources are available in this layer like for example No SQL, RDF store, and distributed system of file and New SQL database. This is mainly suitable for a large number of datasets that facilitate storage persistent. Presentation layer: Visualization of the technology like desktop, web browser, mobile device and web services are considered as the most important task of this layer. Computing and analytics layer model: Encapsulating the different data tools like MAP reduce that mainly run over the resources that are mainly stored with emplaning on the data management and programming model (Marinos, Belmonte Rekleitis, 2014). Figure 1: Big data system security of Layered Architecture. (SOURCE: (Scott et al., 2016) Out of the Top threats which threat would you regard to be the most significant and why? There are different kinds of thread which can be classified according to the group they are: Threat Group: Nefarious abuse/activity Denial of service (DOS) Identify threat Malicious software/code /activity Abuse of authorization / misuse of audit tools / unauthorized activities. Generation and the aspect related to rogue certificate Failure of the process of business. Threat group: Interception, eavesdropping and hijacking data leakage via application of web (unsecured APIs) Information human error due to sharing and leakage. Inadequate planning and design or adaptation concept wrong. Information interception. Threat group: Legal Shortage of skills. Breach of legislation/abuse of personal data/ violation of regulations and law. Comparing the threat groups it can be concluded that the most significant threats are the interception, Eavesdropping and hijacking (Wang, AnokhinAnderl, 2017). This is due to the factor that most of the risk related to the privacy and the data are mainly related to this faces of the threat which directly maximizes the difficulties for example hacking, data breach, cyber-attack and many more. This results in affecting the major areas related from the business point of view. The main attack with originates from the threat indicate interception of resources , no proper planning or adaptation is inaccurate, leak of data due to application based on web ( mainly APIs) (Lykou, 2016). Indivisibles location, transaction and behaviour are recorded digitally by means of unprecedented network access among computing platform and smart devices which act as a contributor in the big data relating to the security concerns. The nature of these attack are hostile. The main goal of the attack is the ga in related to financial which incorporates higher skills. Organisation of cybercriminals are on the ground of local, international and even national level or stage. These agents politically and socially motivate an individual when using the network or the system of the computer resources for promoting and protesting cause with regards to the damage. The general target are the high profile websites along with the intelligence military institutions and agencies (Barnard-Wills, MarinosPortesi, 2014). Identify and discuss the key Threat Agents. What could be done to minimize their impact on the system? Based on the data provided, discuss the trends in threat probability. ENISA threat landscape stated that, the threat agent as someone or something with decent capability, a clear intention in order to manifest a threat and a record of the past activities with its regard the organisation in any field should be aware of the threat with its emerging and from which threat group that are mainly emerging and which focus on the group from which is originates (Brender Markov, 2013). There are different categories by which threats can be divided in: Corporation: This category mainly refers to the organisation or enterprise that may be engaged in the activity or engaged in any adapted tactics that may be considered offensive and unethical to any enterprise (Le Bray, Mayer Aubert, 2016). These agents can be considered as hostile agent that they are the main motive of building an advantage in the competitive advantage over their own competitors. The main target are generally sorted and the focus point of access is the size and the sectors the enterprise possess capability to the area with their significance, as well as from the access area of the aspect of the technology with regards to the intelligence human engineering in the expertise field (Olesen, 2016). Cyber Terrorism: The threat agent motivation in this field can be either political or religious, that expands the engagement of the cyber-attacks (Lvy-Bencheton et al., 2015). The preferring target with the cyber terrorist can be mainly over the infrastructure which are critical for example energy production, telecommunication or health care system related to public. This infrastructure which can be stated as complex is chosen generally since the failure with regards to the organisation can be affected by chaos and can have a severe impact in the society and in the government (Bugeja, JacobssonDavidsson, 2017). Cyber Criminals: The agent of threat is hostile in nature. The goal of this threat associated activity is the gain which is related to the financial which mainly has higher level of skills. Cyber criminals can be manipulated or implemented on a national, local and even international level. Script Kiddies: They are mainly unskilled, they usually use scripts and program developed. They mainly attack the computer system or the network as well as websites. Employee: With emphasis on the deterioration of the organisation sometimes the employee, the access to the resource of the company from the inside and hence taking into consideration as both non hostile and non-hostile agent. This agent mainly include operational staff, contactors, staff and normal working people. A considerable amount of knowledge is required for this domain of threat, which help them in successfully incorporating the attack effectiveness against the asset with regards to the company (Belmonte Martin et al., 2015). Nation State: Offensive capability with the agents in the security of cyber is seen in this scenario and may be implemented over an enterprise or a group. With emphasis on the data which is provided the trend which is followed in the threat probability can be explained that: Cyber criminals, cyber terrorists, corporate mainly affects the data leak which is mainly through web application having a APIs which is secured, information interception, fraud identification, Denial of service (DOI), malicious validation fo code and use of certificate related to rogue. The damaged which is considered damaged has been taken into consideration by the script kiddies as they are very much unskilled. Inadequate design, planning or improperly adaptation of the technique, misuse of tools related to the audit, failure of the process of business, breach related to legislation or abuse related to personal data that directly threaten the employee. How could the ETL process be improved? Discuss. The threat related to the threat taxonomy as implemented by ENISA threat landscape group and this mainly incorporates threat that are mainly applicable for the assists related to the big data and these can be implemented and improved by the following ways: Cache the various data: Caching the data can be used to increasingly increase the speed of the things. This is due to the factor that memory access perform in a faster way than the hard drives. It can be stated caching can be limited by maximizing the amount of the memory that is supported by an individual hardware. Load data incrementally: This mainly changes the load between the new and the data which is previously maintained this may result in saving lot of time as when it is compared to full load. Maintaining the implementation is very much difficult but it has to be taken into consideration that its difficult but not impossible. Use of Hadoop: Apache Hadoop is an open source software which is a library which includes software. This allows the process of distribution of large set of data across the cluster of computer by simply using program models (Lehto, 2015). It is mainly designed in order to scale up from one- to multiple machine which is from multiple server to single server or machines which many offers computation and local storage . To sum up, should ENISA be satisfied with its current state of IT Security? Why? Or Why not? The security infrastructure as per the ENISA Big data has few points of consideration: Network protocol to application level protocol should be considered as a trusted components which always be used in the level of the system of the information, which is usually based on the keep aspect of strong technique of encryption and management. Some of the example of the infrastructure which is trusted are secure protocol related to communication, infrastructure authentication public key components and many more related issues. Considering the emerging security issue which is directly related to big data it can be considered as being on top. Consequences of cloud computing, internet subscriptions and social technologies. This can be related to a new emerging trend when it is related to the security issue. The unauthorized users access can directly affect the security aspect of the big datas data which is stored in the server. But when taking into consideration about the advertisement, exploitation related to big data which may invite new kinds of attack vectors. Conclusion It can be concluded that big data even though the term threat implies that something problematic is with its direct occurrence, but on the other hand the scenario may be projected in a way that complex strategies can be sometimes be subjected to threat. It has been formally discussed in the report putting emphasis on the big data security aspect with it is direct implementation in the organisation sector. The main idea behind the concept of big data is that the storage of the data should be considered as the main aspect of improving the overall concept of the big data. References Barnard-Wills, D. (2014). ENISA Threat Landscape and Good Practice Guide for Smart Home and Converged Media.ENISA (The European Network and Information Security Agency). Barnard-Wills, D., Marinos, L., Portesi, S. (2014). Threat landscape and good practice guide for smart home and converged media.European Union Agency for Network and Information Security, ENISA. Belmonte Martin, A., Marinos, L., Rekleitis, E., Spanoudakis, G., Petroulakis, N. E. (2015). Threat Landscape and Good Practice Guide for Software Defined Networks/5G. Brender, N., Markov, I. (2013). Risk perception and risk management in cloud computing: Results from a case study of Swiss companies.International journal of information management,33(5), 726-733. Bugeja, J., Jacobsson, A., Davidsson, P. (2017, March). An analysis of malicious threat agents for the smart connected home. InPervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops), 2017 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 557-562). IEEE. Cho, H., Yoon, K., Choi, S., Kim, Y. M. (2016). Automatic Binary Execution Environment based on Real-machines for Intelligent Malware Analysis.KIISE Transactions on Computing Practices,22(3), 139-144. Gorton, D. (2015). IncidentResponseSim: An agent-based simulation tool for risk management of online Fraud. InSecure IT Systems(pp. 172-187). Springer, Cham. Karchefsky, S., Rao, H. R. (2017). Toward a Safer Tomorrow: Cybersecurity and Critical Infrastructure. InThe Palgrave Handbook of Managing Continuous Business Transformation(pp. 335-352). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Le Bray, Y., Mayer, N., Aubert, J. (2016, April). Defining measurements for analyzing information security risk reports in the telecommunications sector. InProceedings of the 31st Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing(pp. 2189-2194). ACM. Lehto, M. (2015). Phenomena in the Cyber World. InCyber Security: Analytics, Technology and Automation(pp. 3-29). Springer International Publishing. Lvy-Bencheton, C., Marinos, L., Mattioli, R., King, T., Dietzel, C., Stumpf, J. (2015). Threat landscape and good practice guide for internet infrastructure.Report, European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (ENISA). Lvy-Bencheton, C., Marinos, L., Mattioli, R., King, T., Dietzel, C., Stumpf, J. (2015). Threat landscape and good practice guide for internet infrastructure.Report, European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (ENISA). Lykou, G. (2016). Critical Infrastructure Protection: Protecting Public Welfare. Marinos, L. (2013). ENISA Threat Landscape 2013: Overview of current and emerging cyber-threats. Heraklion: European Union Agency for Network and Information Security Publishing. doi, 10, 14231. Marinos, L., Belmonte, A., Rekleitis, E. (2014). ENISA Threat Landscape Report 2013.European Union Agency for Network and Information Security. Marinos, L., Belmonte, A., Rekleitis, E. (2014). ENISA Threat Landscape 2015.Heraklion, Greece: ENISA. doi,10, 061861. Olesen, N. (2016). European Public-Private Partnerships on Cybersecurity-An Instrument to Support the Fight Against Cybercrime and Cyberterrorism. InCombatting Cybercrime and Cyberterrorism(pp. 259-278). Springer International Publishing. Rhee, K., Won, D., Jang, S. W., Chae, S., Park, S. (2013). Threat modeling of a mobile device management system for secure smart work.Electronic Commerce Research,13(3), 243-256. Scott, K. (2016, November). Phobic Cartography: a Human-Centred, Communicative Analysis of the Cyber Threat Landscape. Wang, Y., Anokhin, O., Anderl, R. (2017). Concept and use Case Driven Approach for Mapping IT Security Requirements on System Assets and Processes in Industrie 4.0.Procedia CIRP,63, 207-212.