To what extent do you consider Hamlet a play which presents a patriarchal society Essays

How much do you look at Hamlet as a play which presents a man centric culture Essays How much do you look at Hamlet as a play which presents a male centric culture Paper How much do you look at Hamlet as a play which presents a man centric culture Paper So as to comprehend a man centric Elizabethan culture, we should initially comprehend the social and verifiable setting of the play. Elizabethan culture was in a general sense male. Most jobs of significance were appointed to men. The idea that a lady was to be given a post of duty would have caused a lot of upset among male regular citizens. Despite the fact that there was a female ruler at that point, men basically controlled the scene, with the sovereign as its nonentity. Shakespeare needed to pass on this circumstance decently precisely, as a play wherein ladies were engaged by male gauges would have been disliked during that period ever. Notwithstanding, given the change in societys sees on ladies since Elizabethan occasions, the play might not have been translated as man centric at the hour of composing. It would have been seen as an exact portrayal of the government and its chain of command of intensity. It is realized that Elizabeth was a devotee of Shakespeares work, and for Shakespeare to introduce a general public in which ladies were seen totally as sexual items and nothing more would have been inadmissible in the sovereigns eyes, which I accept brings about the unobtrusive insights at enabled ladies. Some film depictions show Gertrude as fundamentally the same as Elizabeth I, a lady who utilizes and controls men so as to pick up power. Others show Gertrude as a wine-gulping, wildly sexual flirt, which I don't accept to be valid. I accept that despite the fact that Gertrude weds her brother by marriage, thus not long after her Husbands passing isn't a demonstration of sexual want, rather a demonstration of passionate need. Likewise, in the storeroom scene, she communicates regret for wedding Claudius so early, and some accept that in doing this, she adjusts herself to Hamlets mission for retribution, and avoids Claudius contact and bed. In the play, it tends to be viewed as that ladies are just impaired from a male perspective. They don't assume significant jobs in the advancement of the play, yet their association with the male characters can be viewed as a type of sub-plot, extra to the headliners of the play. To enable somebody is characterized by the English word reference as to approve, or empower somebody. All through Hamlet, we see that this implies ladies are not enabled in the play regarding power in the exacting sense, anyway are engaged in their pride and activities. There are two perspectives on female figures in Hamlet slyly enabled, as one pundit, Praveen Pillai, puts it, or as on a very basic level powerless figures, who are altogether undermined. Both these perspectives, I accept, are mostly obvious. In one sense, ladies are shrewdly engaged through death. Females in the play bite the dust in a delicate manner, with Ophelia gradually suffocating, encompassed by her dress, and the sovereign being harmed by wine. This can be viewed as a more engaged approach to pass on than the male figures in the play, as the greater part of them bite the dust fierce passings, through harming, being wounded, and murdered by other men. As it were, this is a triumph for the ladies in the play, particularly as Ophelia, defiled by her sexual want for Hamlet, kicks the bucket a virgin. This is strengthening from a ladylike perspective, as it doesn't fit with male perspectives on strengthening. Nonetheless, ladies can likewise be viewed as on a very basic level debilitated as in they hold no genuine power, and are simply observed as objects of want by the men in the play. Ophelia is viewed as the reason for Hamlets frenzy, giving ladies a negative picture. A few pundits, for example, Praveen Pillai, even say that Ophelias name has establishes in sexual symbolism, with Ophelia being compared to O-Phallus. Likewise, Hamlets sexual fixation on his mom further demonstrates the way that ladies are viewed as sex objects and not any more Incestuous sheets, Live in a bed of rank perspiration. This desire appears to be exceptionally deprecatory, and envy of Claudius might be a contributing component in Hamlets outrage and frenzy, additionally appeared in the statement Almost as awful as to murder a lord and wed his sibling. This Freudian perspective on Hamlet is generally acknowledged by many, and has become a principal part of dissecting the play. One of the most impressive articulations in the play obviously shows a male perspective on female debilitation in the play Frailty thy name is lady. An amazing articulation, which has its underlying foundations in the Elizabethan demeanor towards ladies. It shows that ladies are seen as on a very basic level powerless creatures according to men. The scene among Hamlet and Gertrude in the illustrious room goes about as a kind of editorial on the male societys perspectives on Elizabethan ladies. It shows the low measures of regard given to ladies, and the manner in which they are despised through sexual relations with others. Cherishing a lady was viewed as feeble, and Hamlets desire for both Ophelia and Gertrude are viewed as shortcomings adding to his franticness. Rebecca Smith expresses that since Claudius, his moms second spouse is the enemy of his Father, Hamlets general shock at ladies increments and spreads and that it Ophelias unforeseen dismissal of his adoration is additionally a trigger factor in this, her dismissal being because of the request from her sibling and father, that outcomes from their one-dimensional perspective on a lady as a sexual item. I am not so much sure this is valid. I don't question that the general perspective on the female characters in the play by male characters is that of sexual items, yet rather the request was given to Ophelia by her sibling and father out of an unselfish and untainted love for her as a relative, in them wishing that she ought not be related with Hamlet, who they view as Mad. Along these lines, Ophelia is enabled Gertrude shows up in the play as a lady whose activities contribute enormously to the negative turns in the plot as Claudius puts it, Gertrude is both My excellence or my plague. She is appeared as having misguided thinking, as found in Act 1 Scene 2, in which we understand she should be increasingly touchy to her children sentiments. Be that as it may, Gertrudes own obtuse activities uncover a type of male debilitation in the play Jealousy. Villages envy of his mom during the lamenting time frame might be for two reasons one, that as her child, Hamlet ought to be given more consideration than Claudius, and two the way that his mom has quite recently hitched his uncle O, most devilish speed, to post, With such ability to perverted sheets! . During the scene in the illustrious room, an image of sexuality in itself, one of Gertrudes fundamental shortcomings appears. She has the open door here to confront the issue head on and resolve it, anyway she is the kind of individual to put terrible news to the rear of their brains and imagine like nothing has occurred. She gives no profound idea to the issue by any stretch of the imagination. Villages franticness can be connected to his envy of Claudius in this scene, and the way that the apparition of his dad cautioned him to Let not the imperial bed of Denmark be a sofa for extravagance and cursed interbreeding The presentation of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern by the King and Queen show a basic difference in their characters, the Queen, delegate of a female character wishes them to find the underlying foundations of her children franticness so she can assist him with feeling good, anyway the ruler, agent of a male character in the play, utilizes them for progressively vile purposes, demonstrating the extraordinary differentiation among male and female characters in the play, and featuring a type of strengthening for the ladies the mens underhand wickedness deeds lead to demonstrations of retribution and brutality, yet the female demonstration of thoughtfulness prompts a type of harmony and comprehension. Along these lines, at that point we can say that ladies are unpretentiously engaged in Hamlet. Despite the fact that it is seen that Gertrude is a heartless mother, in not giving her child sympathy and comprehension after his dads demise, while as yet being hitched to her Husbands killer, there are sure pieces of the play where she shields her child from Claudius, demonstrating moral quality for instance, when conversing with Claudius about Hamlets murder of Polonius, she says that he Cries subsequently trying to conceal the way that he didn't consider anything it. This is a remarkable demonstration of sympathy towards Hamlet, and demonstrates her to be a caring mother, ethically engaged. A type of female debilitation is found in the manner that Gertrude can't see through the trickery of Claudius. He persuades Gertrude (maybe too effectively) that Hamlets sending ceaselessly is to secure her, instead of the genuine explanation, that Claudius fears for his life when Hamlet is still near. On the off chance that Gertrude was engaged as a lady thusly, she would protest, because of a paranoid fear of Hamlets life. This is an unobtrusive component all through the play that truly stands apart when the play is found as far as shortcoming, strengthening and debilitation. Ophelia, the main other lady in the play, generally shows female debilitation all through a large portion of the play. One pundit puts it well Amanda Mabillard says that Ophelia could turn into the lamentable courageous woman of the play; rather she disintegrates into craziness and turns out to be only unfortunate. It appears that Ophelias reason in the play is to show the double idea of ladies Ophelias particular object is to appear without a moment's delay Hamlets distorted perspective on ladies as hard sexual stalkers, and the blamelessness and excellence of ladies. All through the play, Hamlet turns out to be progressively persuaded that ladies are prostitutes, appeared by the two ladies in the play Gertrude picked Claudius over her dead spouse, and Ophelia picked her dad over Hamlet. These both strike Hamlet as forbidden and add to his franticness. Ophelias character is one-dimensional and shallow; her principle object is as an instrument through which different characters act, I. e. her dad utilizing her excellence to suit his insidious needs, for example, where she is advised to keep an eye on Hamlet to attempt to decide the reason for his franticness. She offers Hamlet the input that the most honest looking ladies a

Analytical Essay Sample on “The Metamorphosis” by Franz Kafka

Scientific Essay Sample on â€Å"The Metamorphosis† by Franz Kafka In the Franz Kafka’s â€Å"The Metamorphosis† Gregor the principle character experiences a progression of mental changes, that represent how distanced he becomes from the people of the cutting edge world. Through the transformation Gregor turns out to be progressively mindful of what he needs and what he needs rather than what he needs to accomplish for other.The transformation likewise represents the psychological change Gregor experiences, as by not going about as much as a human than what he did previously. Gregor’s radical difference at the top of the priority list is helped by the occasions that occur pretty much all the falsehoods that he was told about his family’s money related issues. In this way causing lost thinking about his family and a sentiment of independence. Which all begin to estrange him from his family and the remainder of human society.Through the transformation Gregor turns out to be progressively mindful of what he needs and not wha t others need him to do. All through the majority of the story Gregor carries on with an existence of serving and not accepting anything for his difficulties. An existence of subjugation brought about by his family who becomes under water as a result of terrible monetary choices. Gregor is approached to help yet he feels that it is his obligation to pay the obligation his family has and his dad choose to exploit this. Gregor detested his activity, â€Å"Oh God, he thought, what an overwhelming activity I’ve picked. Day in day out and about. The torment of voyaging agonizing over changing trains and eating hopeless food (1157)†. But since of the duty he felt towards his family he would suffer it. He understood how he was dealt with â€Å" he was an instrument of his supervisor without cerebrum or a spine (1161) † but said nothing and just would accept it as though he where really a creepy crawly working for the sovereign with out saying anything. He could see and realized that he could find employment elsewhere and that his family and his manager inadequately rewarded him. While working he would see other sales reps and perceive how simple their occupations where contrasted with his. Gradually Gregor gets mindful on how he not thought about or not mulled over what he needs more than others.Gregors transformation represents how he turns out to be less human for a long time, overlooking his needs to turning into an individual who just couldn't care less any longer. In the start of the story Gregor wakes in the first part of the day griping to himself that he needs more rest. â€Å" This getting up so early idea makes anybody a total imbecile (1157)†. Through this statement Gregor exhibits how uncomfortable he is with his every day routine.As well as how he needs everything to change however yet fails to address it. He contrasts himself and other sales reps who a simply beginning to have their morning meal, when he is coming back to do a check in. Gregor perceives how well of he could be however overlooks his inclination to mollify with his family. Gregor starts to address himself about leaving and doing what he needs however just disregards the inclination a nd the longing to do off with the activity that he detests to such an extent. â€Å"Well I havent surrendered trust totally, once I’ve gotten the cash to pay of f my folks obligation to him, that will presumably take another five or six years. (1157)†. Through this statement Gregor discusses leaving the activity and doing off with his mean chief. He realizes that his activity is doing him terrible and requirements to get another, however wants to help his family more than help himself. Towards the finish of the novella Gregor starts to overlook his needs and go on with life till he kind of has a psychological breakdown, in which he accepts that he is a bug. What's more, he starts to act like one. Gregor experiences the difference in thinking about things to not caring what he needs. This progressions him radically. Gregor transformation represents another adjustment wherein he turns out to be increasingly far off from his family through finding all the falsehoods that his family had informed him regarding not having any cash. He buckled down and it because for an untruth, when his family had cash all set aside, simply that they needed more. He becomes les human like and chooses to mind his own business since he is presumably truly stung. The change the change that he goes tossed in the transformation change is principally indicated when he turns out to be less human and reliant on his family rather than his family being needy of him. Before all else he is the one that is supporting the family and buckles down regularly to give, however towards he end he goes tossed a psychological irregularity that make him unequipped for working driving that family to begin thinking about themselves. Gregor is less human like since he gets unfit to help himself causing him to withdraw farther and farther away from the human culture. â€Å"The spoiled apple in his back and the aroused territory around it, which where totally secured with cushy residue, as of now barely irritated him† (1188). Through this statement we see that the more he starts to feel that he is a bug the less he is thinking about his prosperity. It no longer pesters him that he is messy and that it starts to appear to be ordinary to him. This shows how farther away he is floating from the human culture, since like an ordinary human he might not want to be messy on the off chance that he realized that he could take care of business. He no longer observes what he needs or needs, just as what is beneficial for him. He just exists as far as he could tell as a bug that is simply there.Gregors removing from his family made him somewhat less human since he would not like to interface with them.In end from the earliest starting point of the book towards the closures Gregors transformation has been an image of how Gregor has gotten far off from the human culture and how he has become less human himself. Like in the asking of the book he was an individual worried about the g overnment assistance of others and endeavored to support them. In any case, towards the end he turned into somewhat hindered by accepting that he was a bug and begun to acknowledge his encompassing and begin acting like one. He turned out to be less worried about his prosperity and that of everyone around him, yet simply couldn't have cared less any progressively, simply needed to sit idle. He was not worried about what he could do to help himself however simply be there. The more Gregor experienced his transformation the less human like he became. Accordingly isolating him from the remainder of the human culture and, causing him no to need to interface with his family just as any other person that he interacted with, which caused his definitive death.

To Tax or Not to Tax

To Tax or Not to Tax: The Problem of America Money, similar to a treat, is something everyone needs, and when it is gone an individual accuses every other person for its nonappearance; acknowledging later they were the one to devour it in any case. Charges, since the start of a sorted out economy, have been contended over for quite a long time. Toward the finish of 2012 subsequent to enduring the â€Å"end of the world,† citizens were confronted with another whole-world destroying circumstance, the Fiscal Cliff.It could raise charges to over the top rates, and regardless of the excusal of the Cliff, the issue had quite recently been pushed onto the heating surface of the economy and will be readdressed in the not so distant future. On one hand, by keeping low expenses the state can't make an adequate measure of cash to take care of its obligation. Rather, numerous individuals contend that by raising duties the expanded costs of things will really hurt the nation’s monet ary recuperation (Russell).Taxes ought to be expanded on the grounds that confronting the national obligation is unavoidable and the nation is will be not able to recoup from the mounting obligation until it’s residents help bring it once again from its financial grave. Charges are straightforwardly associated with the economy of a country, and because of this numerous individuals contend that the administration needs to cut spending on government programs that are making the obligation increment. However, it was uncovered that programmed spending cuts were a piece of the Fiscal Cliff, and would have spared $109 billion in government spending on guard and non-barrier programs the same. â€Å"President To Make Argument For Fiscal Cliff Plans†). Amusingly, individuals contended that the administration needs to cut, however as it was uncovered that is actually what the bluff was planning to do. The Fiscal Cliff could have reduced pointless expenses making the obligation decrease, and thus diminished swollen shortages (Dixon). This decrease can diminish the obligation yet even with the expulsion of these projects the enormous obligation the country has would be not able to be rapidly and proficiently dealt with at current assessment rates.This demonstrates that reducing expenses can not exclusively help the financial circumstance. Regardless of this, the subsequent chain response brought about by cutting certain financial plans benefits the United States generally speaking since it composes the spending of the country and can forestall superfluous expenses. By going over the Cliff, one chance is that the country could fall into a downturn. However, the legislature talked about the chance of raising charges on the rich to compensate for charges that could be set on the center class.Economists, who have examined the potential impacts of going over this â€Å"cliff,† contend this would bring about keeping the economy from totally going over (Co hen). Despite the fact that, expenses should be raised on everyone at any rate because of recently instituted medicinal services programs. This assessment raise is legitimate in light of the fact that these new projects are intended to support residents yet it is far-fetched for things to come without a cost, â€Å"though the individuals bolster the administration; the legislature ought not bolster the people,† (Cleveland).This plan to raise burdens by 39% is really a bit of leeway for citizens since it will be caused perpetual implying that after families to acclimate to the new salary sum they will get, after charges have been expelled from the general sum, they won't need to stress over being confronted with another scramble to broaden charge strategies later on (Ohlemacher). The assurance this can furnish families with a customary expense plan they can conform to without significant changes later on. The financial world can be both a mollusk ocean and a blending storm, de spite the fact that with a predictable expense plan citizens will have the option to serenely cruise this dependable ocean.Often, before acting, one seeks the instances of others for direction; for the mix-ups of others won't be theirs. England has remained the principle country America sees while talking about legislative issues and this was demonstrated the same while examining financial matters. Conceders have contended that raising assessments would not fix anything, as demonstrated by the British model. In 2010 Cameron got to work, cutting out the government’s financial plan, a potential arrangement in the Fiscal Cliff, yet the total national output is beneath the level it had been at when Cameron had begun (Brown).This correlation demonstrates wrong since governments are individualistic and numerous elements, for example, the administrators picked in the legislature and the varying economies or markets in every nation, could influence the aftereffect of specific choices . Britain’s sickness is explicitly because of an absence of interest not of gracefully, Adam Posen, a pro in British financial aspects, contended, and the U. S. can't be appropriately contrasted with the parliamentary legislature of Britain (Brown). In the event that the administration was to raise charges it isn't ensured that it would result contrarily on the economy as a whole.Actually, by raising assessments the country is being allowed to change the expense code and widen the base later on (Cohen). An excursion to the planning phase of financial aspects joined with a straightaway expense plan could change the economy of America as opposed to bringing about fiasco the same number of individuals against the raise in charges have contended. To burden or not to burden; that is the issue. In spite of contentions for a reduction in charges plainly if the administration overlooks the interest for cash to assuage the expanding obligation then the economy will fall into a brutal gloom that will get more earnestly to fix.Citizens put their wellbeing in the hands of the administration, they put their children’s security in the hands of the administration, they put their training in the hands of the legislature, and they put their cash in the hands of the administration. Why at that point can they not put their trust? Expenses ought to be raises with the goal that the deficiency doesn't increment to a bigger rate. The time has come to begin topping off the unfilled bank of American. Works Cited Brown, Abram. â€Å"The Argument Against Fiscal Cliff Austerity: Just Look At Britain's Mess. â€Å"Forbes.Forbes Magazine, 24 Dec. 2012. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. Cleveland, Grover. Statement †Though the People Support the Government; the Government Should Not Support the People†¦ on Quotations Book. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Feb. 2013. Cohen, Tom. â€Å"Fiscal Cliff: What Isn't Said Tells More than Actual Words. †Ã‚ CNN. Link News Network, 07 Dec. 2012. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. Dixon, Kim. â€Å"Analysis: â€Å"Fiscal Cliff' Deal Called a Dud on Deficit Front. †Ã‚ Chicago Tribune. Chicago Tribune, 01 Jan. 2013. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. Dubay, Curtis S. â€Å"Send This Report to a Friend.  The Heritage Foundation. The Heritage Foundation, 9 Jan. 2013. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. Ohlemacher, Stephen. â€Å"Fiscal Cliff Deal Will Raise Taxes On 77 Percent Of Americans: Tax Policy Center Analysis. †Ã‚ The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost. com, 02Jan. 2013. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. â€Å"President To Make Argument For Fiscal Cliff Plans. †Ã‚ Breaking News for Black America. News One, 27 Nov. 2012. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. Russell, Don. â€Å"A Clear Concise Look at the ‘Fiscal Cliff' Controversy. †Ã‚ Examiner. com. Inspector, 4 Dec. 2012. Web. 24 Jan. 2013.

Dinner and Dance Party

Question: Portray about the movement of undertaking administrator who gives move and evening gathering administration to customers. Answer: Presentation This task is about the movement of venture director who gives move and evening gathering administration to customers. This sort of organization has a place with administration giving industry. There are various layers in the venture that identifies with configuration move and evening gathering. The organization sent an undertaking chief to deal with the whole occasions. At the initial segment, the undertaking administrator discovered various extents of the up and coming task. Various parts are examined top to bottom, that requires to satisfy the customers prerequisites. From that point onward, the need of the undertaking has been dissected by the administrators feeling. In this section the business points of view are clarified inside and out. The organization makes its benefit by offering support to the customer and against of it acquires charges or compensation that has been clarified in this section. After that complete activities cost estimation has been given is table and that ha s been expounded beneath (Kaplan, and Anderson, 2013). At long last, it tends to be inferred that the diverse conversation on different point made this task emotional. A few creators sentiment are taken to make the task abstract. Task Scope A task chief should check some huge extents of venture before beginning the move and evening gathering. The venture administrator needs to contact with the provider at morning of the program. The whole requests need to crosscheck with the individual providers. In the event that any of the things are, left then that should requested as right on time as could reasonably be expected. Hence the most critical extent of the venture are talked about beneath: Move zone: the primary goal of the undertaking is move. Subsequently, the move floor or stage is expected to set up, that ought to be as per customers decision. The move floor should make with wooden board. Such a large number of different alternatives are there yet wood will be the best and safe choice for making the move floor or stage since wood is badly designed of power. Security measures ought to be there on the move floor (Resurreccion, et. al., 2012). The wearing of lights and sounds will be there yet that ought to be covered with electric awkward tapes. Another explanation of covering, the visitor or artist won't lurch with the sounds and lights wearing. Lighting the lights are another significant article for the gathering. There are two period of lighting. One is move region lighting and another is supper region lighting. The moving territory lighting will be variable in nature on the grounds that electrical vacillation and improvement matter is significant there. Be that a s it may, supper zone lighting will be straightforward in blend. Sounds After lighting the sound is another extent of the task that must be checked by the undertaking chief. The gathering is relies upon sounds and music. The visitor might want to have variety in music and volume also (Dhillon, 2013). The music list course of action should be variable in nature. Food and Beverages After moving the visitor will go for supper and the zone ought to get ready with the customers measures. The food things ought to be full with amount and the administration individual ought to be prepared little before dinnertime. The clean factors ought to be checked before serving since this is the matter of altruism of the organization. List of attendees the customer expected to give a rundown with all out number of visitor. The supper plate and food game plan should coordinate with the given number of coming visitor. In the wake of beginning the gathering, the visitor number ought to be affirmed by the get guardian who will remain in front the passage of the venture region. Transportation This administration is required before the finish of the task (Tan, et. al., 2012). As the gathering is going to end at late night then transportation from the undertaking region will be a further prerequisite. A task supervisor needed to confront this thoughtful necessity commonly toward the finish generally night party. A little administration of transportation ought to be outside of the task zone. Venture Priority As venture administrator ought to be centered around all out nature of the administration, as the top need. This sort of business is has a place with administration industry so the nature of the administration ought to be best in nature. Besides, the customer rules ought to keep up fittingly. Each and singular things of administration are dissected appropriately with past experience. A venture supervisor has broke down some significant things for a move and evening gathering these are as per the following (Prahlad, et. al. 2012). The nature of the food and refreshments plates ought to be ideal however the expense ought to be planned before the business bargain. As an undertaking chief the benefit making degrees will be the primary goal on the grounds that an assistance giving association needs great measure of net revenue toward the finish of each task. This sort of task are regular in nature so every business making possibilities are to done precisely. An unmistakable business arran gement ought to be there with the customer and the organization. The cost estimation with gave things ought to be there in the rundown. the customer for the most part checks the necessity that has been given before the venture day. The whole things ought to be crosschecked with the readied list. Here various things like food, light, stable and decorators are there as merchant who are capable to give required things (Drury, 2013). Merchants agreement ought to be clear and exact in the wake of finishing the arrangement with the customer. The move and evening gathering projection absolutely relies upon sellers thing. An undertaking chief ought to break down the cost estimation with net revenue before making the agreement in light of the fact that lone this thing is liable for benefit. Work Break down Structure The venture estimations are legitimately related with matter of breakdown. The arranged things might be separate at the hour of the gathering going on. Therefore, the suspicions with past experience of a venture supervisor have taken here to get ready crisis measures. The fisrt object was move floor that has intended to make with wooden board. The wooden load up possibly break at the hour of hitting the dance floor with greater number of visitor. Substitute wooden board ought to be in the store and that thing ought to be affirmed with the decorators with their works. From that point forward, the lighting is the significant thing that identifies with power. Specialized deficiencies or electrical interruptions may happen whenever in the gathering. Electrical generator and additional lighting choices ought to be there in party place. In the event of any crisis, the gathering can't be halted by giving crisis electric or lighting administration. Presently the firefighting plan ought to be there in the gathering place, since fire can happen whenever in the gathering. The cooking territory and lighting region are profoundly inflammable (Wodchis, et. al., 2012). This is the most significant variables of breakdown inside a gathering territory. Food amount shortage is another countable breakdown that has encountered by a venture beforehand. The planned amount of food may vary from the real interest in the gathering time. The food making merchants ought to get ready with additional amount of required crude materials and that ought to use if there should arise an occurrence of any lack occurs during the gathering. The task supervisor should mindful with this sort of critical breakdown. Cost estimation breakdown is extremely normal factors that has been broke down by an undertaking chief commonly previously. This sort of breakdown will be the purpose behind low benefit. The customer ought to be persuaded with the variety of value as indicated by need. The cost breakdown is only increment of costs to offer better support in party time. Cost Estimation Specifics Planned Cost ($) Lighting 2250 Sound 2750 Food 9500 Adornments 1500 Complete 16000 A customer announces his necessities and afterward needs assessed cost. The components of exchange come after the given assessed cost. Presently, A venture director has given an expected expense as indicated by the gathering type (Martens, et. al., 2012). The customer has proclaimed his financial plan with the measure of $15000 to $16000 most extreme. The task administrator has assessed reasonable expense of the venture as indicated by customer monetary limit. The variety of lighting relies upon the sellers administration the sound quality additionally depends same. The chief is dependable to deliver a superior assistance with the planned segments. The customer arrangement ought to be clear with the administration cost. In the event of any progressions then elective choices are there is the hand of the supervisor. In the event that the customer doesn't need, burn through $2250 for lighting then the administrator will diminish the nature of light. On the off chance that the customer n eeds more design, at that point the seller will be approached to enliven more and that makes greater expense. Be that as it may, the general expense extending figure ought to be adjusted on the grounds that, the customer has given his spending plan already. In the event of productivity, the supervisors ought to keep up the acquired cost volume. consequently, the directors should have elective alternatives of merchants to make a sensible measure of task cost. The administration merchant market ought to analyzed by the undertaking chief to discover the modest and best quality assistance seller. This thing will lead the organization towards gainfulness. Be that as it may, the venture director ought not bargain with administration quality on the grounds that the altruism of the organization relies upon administration just (Silalertruksa, et. al., 2012). The organization administration sum ought to be charged at the time cost estimation since it is the most noteworthy wellspring of pay o f the organization. References Kaplan, R. also, Anderson, S.R., 2013. Time-driven movement based costing: a more straightforward and all the more impressive way to higher benefits. Harvard business press. (Kaplan, and Anderson, 2013) Dhillon, B., 2013. Life cycle costing: strategies, models and applications. Routledge. (Dhillon, 2013) Tan, S.S., Bouwmans, C.A., Rutten, F.F. what's more, Hakkaart-van Roijen, L., 2012. Update of the Dutch manual for costing in monetary assessments.

Effects of Trauma in Civil War Veterans

Effects of Trauma in Civil War Veterans PTSD PTSD and the Military Print Effects of Trauma in Civil War Veterans By K. Kris Hirst Updated on January 23, 2020 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Brian W. Downs / Getty Images Using open-source data from a federal project digitizing medical records on veterans of the American Civil War (1860-1865) called the Early Indicators of Later Work Levels, Disease, and Death Project, researchers have identified an increased risk of post-war illness among Civil War veterans, including cardiac, gastrointestinal, and mental diseases throughout their lives. In a project partly funded by the National Institutes of Aging, military service files from a total of 15,027 servicemen from 303 companies of the Union Army stored at the United States National Archives were matched to pension files and surgeons reports of multiple health examinations. A total of 43 percent of the men had mental health problems throughout their lives, some of which are today recognized as related to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Most particularly affected were men who enlisted at ages under 17. Roxane Cohen Silver and colleagues at the University of California, Irvine published their results in the February 2006 issue of Archives of General Psychiatry. Studies of PTSD and War Studies of PTSD to date have connected war experiences to the recurrence of mental health problems and physical health problems such as cardiovascular disease and hypertension and gastrointestinal disorders. These studies have not had access to long-term health impacts since they have been focused on veterans of recent conflicts. Researchers studying the impact of modern conflict participation report that the factors increasing the risk of later health issues include age at enlistment, intimate exposure to violence, prisoner of war status and having been wounded. The Trauma of the American Civil War The Civil War was a particularly traumatic conflict for American soldiers. Army soldiers commonly enlisted at quite young ages; between 15 and 20 percent of the Union army soldiers enlisted between the ages of 9 and 17. Each of the Union companies was made up of 100 men assembled from regional neighborhoods, and thus often included family members and friends. Large company losses--75 percent of companies in this sample lost between five and 30 percent of their personnel--nearly always meant the loss of family or friends. The men readily identified with the enemy, who in some cases represented family members or acquaintances. Finally, close-quarter conflict, including hand-to-hand combat without trenches or other barriers, was a common field tactic during the Civil War. To quantify trauma experienced by Civil War soldiers, researchers used a variable derived from percent of the company lost to represent relative exposure to trauma. Researchers found that in military companies with a larger percentage of soldiers killed, the veterans were 51 percent more likely to have the cardiac, gastrointestinal, and nervous disease. The Link Between Age and Poor Health After War The study found that the youngest soldiers (ages 9-17 at enlistment) were 93% more likely than the oldest (ages 31 or older) to experience both mental and physical disease. The younger soldiers were also more likely to show signs of cardiovascular disease alone and in conjunction with gastrointestinal conditions and were more likely to die early. Former POWs had an increased risk of combined mental and physical problems as well as early death. One problem the researchers grappled with was comparing diseases as they were recorded during the latter half of the 19th century to todays recognized diseases. Post-traumatic stress syndrome was not recognized by doctorsâ€"although they did recognize that veterans exhibited an extreme level of nervous disease that they labeled irritable heart syndrome. Children and Adolescents in Combat Harvard psychologist  Roger Pitman, writing in an editorial in the publication, writes that the impact on younger soldiers should be of immediate concern, since their immature nervous systems and diminished capacity to regulate emotion give even greater reason to shudder at the thought of children and adolescents serving in combat. Although disease identification is not one-to-one, said senior researcher Roxane Cohen Silver, Ive been studying how people cope with traumatic life experiences of all kinds for twenty years and these findings are quite consistent with an increasing body of literature on the physical and mental health consequences of traumatic experiences. Boston University psychologist Terence M. Keane, Director of the  National Center for PTSD, commented that this remarkably creative study is timely and extremely valuable to our understanding of the  long-term  effects of combat experiences. Joseph Boscarino, Senior Investigator at  Geisinger Health System, added There are a few detractors that say that PTSD [Post-traumatic stress disorder] does not exist or has been exaggerated. Studies such as these are making it difficult to ignore the long-term effects of war-related psychological trauma.

Percy “Boy” Staunton The Greater Life - Literature Essay Samples

Though some may appraise the worth of a life on the basis of intrinsic values, the qualitative nature of such values themselves makes it difficult to make an objective comparison. The value of a life, then, is best defined through the yardstick of the quantifiable: measures like material wealth, overall accomplishments and the contributions that an individual makes to society at large. Percy â€Å"Boy† Staunton best fulfills this description in the world of Fifth Business. As a business savvy tycoon and later as the Minister of Food during the Second World War, Percy’s contributions and hand in guiding the Canadian economy far outweigh the value of Dunstan’s own contributions to the academic sphere. He was also instrumental in the life of Dunstan Ramsay himself, to whom he provided the â€Å"financial advice and†¦modest financial security† (Cameron 92) necessary to finance Dunstan’s expeditions across the globe. Even in his personal life, the c ombination of Dunstan’s social ineptitude and Percy’s natural extroversion gave Percy a social edge, thereby exposing him to a world of things Dunstan never had the opportunity to experience. Though Dunstan accumulated a wealth of experience in Deptford and in his treks across the globe, it is easy to see how Percy â€Å"Boy† Staunton lived a life of greater value by all quantifiable measures.According to American academic Leo Calvin Rosten, â€Å"The purpose of life is to be useful†¦it is, above all, to matter and to count, to stand for something, to have made some difference that you lived at all.† In Fifth Business, Percy Boy Staunton embodied this definition in ways Dunstan never did, and made significant contributions to the welfare of average Canadians â€Å"though not many people knew it† (Davies 141). As the president and managing director of Alpha Corporation, and later as the Ministry of Food under the Coalition Cabinet, Percy was si ngle-handedly responsible for keeping the country fed during its times of greatest need. During the Great Depression, for instance, Percy â€Å"held the price of bread steady† (Davies 142) and â€Å"concentrated on necessitiesin times like these, people need cheap, nourishing food.† (Davies 142). He later applied a similar principle as the Minister of Food in the Second World War, and â€Å"put the full resources of his Alpha Corporation†¦to the job of feeding Canada (and) feeding its armed services† (Davies 182). By contrast, Dunstan dedicated his entire life to hagiography (the study of saints), which, though commendable, is of little if any value to the general public. The triviality of Dunstan’s contributions is highlighted by his colleagues’ indifference to â€Å"his acceptance from Analecta; (who) looked uncomprehendingly, like cows at a passing train, and went on talking about Brebner’s extraordinary hole-in-one the day beforeâ €  (Davies 158). Though Percy’s alimentary achievements may not have had the same level of intellectual insight Dunstan’s notes on Wilgefortis-Kummernis so required, Percy’s shrewd and innovative practices in the food industry were certainly of greater value to the general populace than Dunstan’s ever were.Even if a reader were to place greater importance on Dunstan’s accomplishments, one could argue that â€Å"Dunstan’s outer journey is made largely through the effect on him of his relation to Percy Boyd Staunton† (Cameron 92). As his confidant and sole financial advisor, Dunstan depended on Percy’s investment advice for his continued financial stability, which he drew upon to satiate his academic hunger and travels around the world. Under Percy’s guidance, Dunstan â€Å"laid the foundation for the modest but pleasant fortune I have now†¦without his guidance I would have been powerless† (Davies 105) and w as made â€Å"pretty well-off for a man in your position† (Davies 254). Dunstan’s interest in medieval religious art and hagiology blossomed from his plentiful monetary reserves – courtesy of Percy – which he used to pursue saints in â€Å"scores of churches through the Low Countries, France, Austria and Italy† (Davies 115). From that point onwards, a snowball effect (pun intended) ensued: Dunstan began writing books based on the research gathered during his journeys and successfully published three books over the course of his literary and teaching career. Dunstan later travelled to Mexico on the Chairman of the Board’s (Percy’s) goodwill, where Eisengrim’s aide Liesl commissioned him to write Eisengrim’s autobiography with the style and â€Å"candour that is brilliantly disingenuous, treating marvels with the seriousness of fact† (Davies 202) that had come to characterize his other literary works. The success of the autobiography allowed Dunstan â€Å"to transfer Mrs. Dempster from the public wards of that hateful city asylum to a much better hospital near a small town† (Davies 220). It is important to note that all of the above are the direct result of Percy’s financial advice, who acted as the fiscal catalyst of Dunstan’s accomplishments and without whom such accomplishments would have been impossible to achieve.Some may argue, however, that Percy lived a life of lesser value and served only to facilitate Dunstan’s jaunts across the globe. This could not be farther from the truth. A natural extrovert and keen on living the high life, Percy flourished in his personal life experiences well before becoming a member of Canada’s elite, while Dunstan wallowed in mediocrity and lived a life of lonely solitude. It was clear, for instance, that Percy was the more accomplished of the two in love. Percy married Leola after the First World War, before Dunstan had t he opportunity to profess his love for her; naturally, Dunstan â€Å"resented anybody else having her†¦and God forbid that I should pretend that there is not a generous measure of spite in my nature† (Davies 94). While Dunstan remained a schoolteacher through his career, Percy’s forthcoming personality allowed him the opportunity to become both the president of Alpha Corporation and the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario. When the Prince of Wales visited Canada, Percy was â€Å"one of His Highness’ aides-de-camp† (Davies 118). Dunstan was not. Percy had two children. Dunstan had none. Regardless of the outcome of his life and the effect his personality may have had on others, the fact remains that Percy experienced more and saw more than Dunstan did during his lifetime to a physical degree. That in itself is enough to qualify Percy’s life as the one of greater value.Though the definition of value may depend on whom you ask, Percy Boy Staunton live d the life of greater value in its truest and most literal sense. The fruits of his labour as the Minister of Food and the president of Alpha Corporation were passed down to thousands, if not millions of Canadians. The seed of his financial advice to Dunstan Ramsay blossomed into glorious academic achievements, while his life, though chaotic, was certainly more colourful than the mundane life of Dunstan Ramsay. Percy Boy Staunton may not have been the straightest of all arrows, but he was certainly the most valuable one in the quiver. That, above all, is what matters most.Works CitedCameron, Elspeth. Robertson Davies: an Appreciation. Peterborough, Ont., Canada: Broadview, 1991. Print. Monk, Patricia. Mud and Magic Shows: Robertson Daviess Fifth Business. Toronto: ECW, 1992. Print. Ross, Val. Robertson Davies: a Portrait in Mosaic. Toronto: Emblem, 2009. Print. Davies, Robertson. Fifth Business. New York: Penguin, 2001. Print.+

Writers And Editors On Canovista Restoration Essay

The story begins with the invention of writing, and it is from that time that writing and literature thus begins in the social life of all mankind, it is not enough to say, that it is through literature that we can know what everything that had happened in centuries ago. However, while reading a book, or any other text, we find not only fragments of history, but also with a number of positions of the authors about current issues, including politics. The political relationship - is evident in literature politics, as writer Pascual Martinez as in his text Writers and editors on canovista Restoration does affects the lives of people. Poetry, and essay they all a form and part of literature to it, they are testimony. The political agenda, it could be good, bad and or indifferent. However, it is important to note that not only the political influences in literature, but the relationship can also be given in a manner contrary, while politics can guide the writing of an author, someone can also guide their views by some political writtings. Example Eduardo Galeano with one of his master piece Mirrors. American literature has its origin in the clash of Aboriginal culture and European society. However, the first, sense of American literature, which was the world conquest, was truncated. Only in the twentieth century American culture, rip of its primitive root of pre-Columbian culture, was reunited with the interest due to archaeologists and ethnologists who bring to light this

Iliad Outline

Book OneSupplication. Plague. Quarrel. Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book I Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book II Paris Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book III Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book IV Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book V Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book VI Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book VII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book VIII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book IX Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book X Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XI Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XIII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XIV Apollo Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XV Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XVI Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XVII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XVIII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XIX Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XX Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XXI Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XXII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XXIII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XXIV

Role Of Female Characters In Twelfth Night - 1608 Words

In William Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night, the female characters have a strong constitution specifically Olivia and Viola. The play begins with a shipwrecked Viola who decides to disguise herself and go under the assumed name of Cesario. Viola Cesario falls in love with Duke Orsino who is in love with Olivia. The Duke asks for Cesario to woo Olivia for him however Olivia begins to fall for Cesario. Later, Violas twin brother reappears, and Olivia mistakes him for Cesario proposes to him. In the end, Cesario reveals he is Viola, and the Duke proposes to her. Violas strength comes from her ability to control her emotions which makes her the stronger female character. In Twelfth Night, Olivias main strength lies within her rebellion†¦show more content†¦In Hodgson and Smith’s article, â€Å"A cypress, not a bosom, hides my heart: Olivias Veiled Conversions,† they discuss the symbolism of Olivia’s veiling and unveiling in Twelfth Night. Hodgson and Smith argue that Olivia’s characterization as the widow-like maiden expresses her as an independent figure in Twelfth Night. Hodgson and Smith observe,â€Å"‘If the cultural fear of transferred desire and the cultural anxiety over an unmanned woman coalesced around the figure of the desirous widow (of Ephesus or of Illyria), such anxieties are neither uniformly felt or supported in a text like Twelfth Night.’† (Hodgson and Smith, para. 30). Hodgson and Smith discuss how Olivia pursuit of Cesario can be seen as her way of breaking against the stigma of being an unattended female. They say that because she chose to pursue Cesario even though he is le sser in ranking and age can be perceived as her way of keeping her own status. The critics state that Olivia is unscorned for her attempt at rebellion that she was unpunished for separating herself from the social norm. The critic says her shift from mourning to passion means she is unveiling herself and focusing on a new pursuit. They state she is trading one condition for the other. Hodgson and Smith argue that Olivia still hides from the world, but now it is with Cesario. Hodgson and Smith state that there is a kind fuss about anShow MoreRelatedtwelfth night Essay952 Words   |  4 Pages Twelfth Night Essay While many will agree that Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night is critically acclaimed to be one of the most entertaining and well-liked pieces that he has written, there tends to be a discrepancy over how the characters in the play are portrayed when it comes to the importance of gender roles. After reading James C Bulman’s article over the Globe’s more recent performance of Twelfth Night and Shakespeare’s original written version, I realized that there are many ways that this famousRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Twelfth Night Essay1146 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Twelfth Night The use of genre in any literary work assist the responder in understanding the text, as prior knowledge and past experience are used by composers to construct certain expectations due to characteristics that are recognised. Shakespeare, in his play Twelfth Night uses the Romantic comedy genre and its conventions of strong themes of love and a series of obstacles and misunderstandings concluded with a harmonious union of the loversRead MorePlot And Action In Twelfth Night By Shakespeare1527 Words   |  7 Pagesplay Twelfth Night, there are a couple of key aspects within the dramaturgy of that play that, to this day, still confuse me. William Shakespeare. And what may those be? Molià ¨re. For starters, in Twelfth Night, there seems to be no unity of time, place, or action. William Shakespeare. Go on. What’s your point? Molià ¨re. My point is that the characters are so unpredictable. They all have their own agendas, each on their own journey of self-discovery. And this episodic structure of Twelfth NightRead MoreGender Ambiguity : Boys Should Be Girls Will Be Boys And Twelfth Night Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Boys will be girls will be boys† This statement refers to the theme of gender within Shakespeare’s comedies and it is portrayed significantly in both As You Like It and Twelfth Night. Gender is a major theme in the work of Shakespeare which is an issue which has had a significant impact on the criticism attracted to his work for many of his plays, led by feminists in particular. In each of the two plays there is gender ambiguity, mistaken identities and gender blurring as Shakespeare deals withRead MoreEssay Gender in as You Like It and Twelfth Night1438 Words   |  6 PagesGender Roles in Twelfth Night and As you Like It Much of the comedy in Twelfth Night and As you Like It emerges from Shakespeare’s distortion of traditional gender roles, as both plays contain strong female leads who disguise themselves as males. Though both Viola and Rosalind help their less-than-ideal beloveds woo their own objects of desire, and both disguises emerge party from the loss of a male familial figure, the women inhabit their male facades in drastically different ways. In both playsRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1543 Words   |  7 Pagesthe antithesis sex, or just someone innominate in order to get our true feelings and emotions out. Similarly, Shakespeare utilizes the theme of disguise in countless plays, specifically in As you like it and Twelfth Night. Although many may postulate that he has disguised certain characters as the opposite gender solely for comedic purposes, the reason behind it is significantly deeper and complex. By disguising the actors as the opposite gender, also known as cross- dressing, Shakespeare introducesRead MoreHamlet And Twelfth Night Comparison Essay957 Words   |  4 Pagescomedies. Of them, Hamlet and Twelfth Night are perfect examples of both. A comparison between them could be of interest because their common points demonstrate that, however differing their genres are, Shakespeare’s plays essentially illustrate what it is to be human[1] . [2] Hamlet and Twelfth Night could both be compared through instances of body imagery, critical thought and social integration. In the first place, when it comes to body imagery in Hamlet and Twelfth Night, the first uses it as aRead MoreTwelfth Night Love Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pagescomedies. Twelfth Night is one of the finest comedies of the author. 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So, for a woman to have power does not mean she needs to stop being female but to stopRead MoreCompare And Contrast Hamlet And Twelfth Night1162 Words   |  5 PagesFrom Hilarity to Tragedy in Shakespeare: How Hamlet and Twelfth Night Compare By Zawadi Bunzigiye William Shakespeare wrote plays covering the breadth of human experience. They seem to have transcended the restraints of age because of the universal themes that they contain. His body of his work is comprised of genres of plays varying from tragedies to comedies. Of them, Hamlet and Twelfth Night are perfect examples of both. A comparison between them would be of interest because their common points

What We Talk About When We Talk About Love by Raymond Carver

What We Talk About When We Talk About Love by Raymond Carver The short story What We Talk About When We Talk About Love, by Raymond Carver, is about two married couples drinking gin and having a talk about the nature of love. The conversation is a little sloppy, and the characters make some comments which could either be meaningless because of excessive alcohol in the bloodstream, or could be the characters true feelings because of excessive alcohol in the bloodstream. Overall, the author uses this conversation to show that when a relationship first begins, the people involved may have misconceptions about their love, but this love will eventually die off or develop into something much more meaningful. The author sets the†¦show more content†¦Mel says, There was a time when I thought I loved my first wife more than life itself. But now I hate her guts. I do.; (p 114) Mels former relationship was once full of love, but eventually the love withered away until it was gone. Also, Mel talks about how love can continue even if you lose your first love. Mel says, And the terrible thing, the terrible thing is, but the good thing too, the saving grace, you might say, is that if something happened to one of us–excuse me for saying this–but if something happened to one of us tomorrow I think the other person would grieve for a while, you know, but then the surviving party would go out and love again, have someone else soon enough.; (p 114) In this quote, Mel reveals that if any one of them dies, his or her spouse would eventually lose the love they once had for him or her, and would then go and love another. So, the author has shown us that love can die off and be replaced by anger or hatred, or even love for another. In contrast to these fairly pessimistic views on love, the author describes an instance in which a couple found true love. Mel tells an anecdote of an old couple that was admitted to the emergency room after a very bad car accident. The two people were wrapped up in full body casts, and as a result they could not see each other. Mel noticed that the old man was very sad, evenShow MoreRelatedWhat we Talk About When We Talk about Love by Raymond Carver649 Words   |  3 PagesLove The story started with a group of four people drinking gin in a room. The first man to say the first word was Herb. Herb was a cardiologist his specialty was the heart. He started talking about the value of love. â€Å"Love is somewhat spiritual or agape in nature,† (1) He said. Herb also thought that the real love was nothing less than spiritual love. Herb’s idea of love was totally different with his wife’s idea of love. Terri was another member from the group. She told her friends that she hadRead MoreEssay about Raymond Carver (what We Talk About When We Talk About Love)892 Words   |  4 Pages Mel McGinnis of â€Å"What We Talk About When We Talk About Love† seems like that one guy that everyone seems to know. He stands out from others; he’s unique. You either love him or hate him. Mel is very much like one of my good friends. They are both very individualistic and hey are both annoying drunks. They are both interesting characters though. I think the author Raymond Carver created the character Mel based off someone he knew. Carver created Mel for one reason or anotherRead MoreWhat We Talking About When We Talk About Love By Raymond Carver1677 Words   |  7 PagesLove can be defined in many ways, but does anyone know the true meaning of it? In Raymond Carver’s short-story What We Talk About When We Talk About Love, he shows us the realism behind the true meaning of love with a menacing tone. This story particularly shows how different people may have different definitions of it that reflect who they are as a person by using strangle dialogue given by the characters and situations that reveal symbolic items. From the ironic remarks and slight rebuttals inRead More`` What We Talk About When We Talking About Love `` By Raymond Carver2397 Words   |  10 PagesWhat is love? Love can come from that of a friendship, a romantic relationship, the unconditional love that God has for one, or simply one person adoring another. These are all considered, in one form or another, love. Ho wever, as Mel McGinnis has asked: â€Å"what do any of us really know about love?† (333). Is love real, or is it just a figment of our imagination? What does the word LOVE even mean? The indefinability of love is the overlaying theme in the story â€Å"What We Talk About When We Talk AboutRead MoreWhat I Am About When We Talk About Love By Raymond Carver Essay1464 Words   |  6 PagesLove is a commonly misinterpreted concept that is many times taken for granted and unsurprisingly difficult to thoroughly comprehend. Love is an intangible conception and a condition of the mind that allows one to transcend emotional barriers between one another. In Raymond Carver’s short-story â€Å"What We Talk About When We Talk About Love†, love is illustrated in several different ways to provide insight on the various forms of love and how they transcend these emotional barriers. Love comes inRead MoreThe Sojourner And What We Talking About When We Talk About Love By Carson Mccullers And Raymond Carver1291 Words   |  6 PagesIn the short stories title The Sojourner and What We Talk About When We Talk About Love, written by Carson McCullers and Raymond Carver respectively, the writers tell a story about love and its changing attitudes. The main characters in these stories all vary in regard to their personalities and their individual idiosyncrasies, however, the message being conveyed by McCullers and Carver is that of the changing nature of love, and how it can impact an individual’s sense of self in respect to how oneRead MoreRaymond Carver1583 Words   |  7 PagesRaymond Carver (1938-1988) was a poet and a simple realist writer of short stories. His prose addresses the average working-class citizen. Bill Mullen describes the book that contains the short story â€Å"What We Talk About We Talk About Love† to the â€Å"distinctly post-mode rn fate of contemporary working-class Americans† (Bloom). The writings are depressing and riddled with failures in life. The textbook calls his school of writing â€Å"Alcoholic Blue-Collar Minimalist Hyperrealism† (Bayam). This is evidentRead MoreImportance of Symbolism in What We Talk About When We Talk About Love1027 Words   |  5 Pagesmake. What We Talk About When We Talk About Love is a short story about four friends trying to find the true meaning of love, trying to prove points through experience. In What We Talk About When We Talk About Love, Raymond Carver uses very strong symbolism to help convey the theme of the story. Instantly, it is easy to recognize that Carvers story will be one on love, since the title clearly mentions it. He introduces the characters, two married couples, who are having a discussion about loveRead MoreWhat We Talk About When We Talk About Love807 Words   |  4 PagesWhat We Talk About When We Talk About Love After analyzing Raymond Carver’s â€Å"What We Talk About When We Talk About Love,† it is easy to see that there are several different ideas concerning true love that the characters in the story are in dispute over. Terri’s idea of real love is the most valid out of the group at the table. All of the members of the group are rather confused as to what real love is. Terri is included as one of the confused. However, I believe that she is the closest to understandingRead MoreThe Most Important American Fiction Writer1661 Words   |  7 PagesRaymond Carver has been called â€Å"the most important American fiction writer in the second half of the twentieth century† and â€Å"the most influential American short story writer since Ernest Hemingway† (Kleepe vii). He was very successful despite his many difficult life experiences. Carver grew up during a very difficult time in America. However, early on, Carver and his wife believed their hard work would eventually pay off despite the challenges in the world around them. They thought it would fix almost

Robbins Organization Behavior Leadership Quiz Free Essays

string(99) " can differentiate leaders from non-leaders by focusing on personal qualities and characteristics\." Chapter 11 Leadership 1) John Kotter’s view argues that management focuses on coping with complexity, whereas leadership focuses on coping with ________. A) conflict B) success C) day-to-day matters D) morale E) change Answer: E Explanation: E) John Kotter of the Harvard Business School argues that management is about coping with complexity. Good management brings about order and consistency by drawing up formal plans, designing rigid organization structures, and monitoring results against the plans. We will write a custom essay sample on Robbins Organization Behavior Leadership Quiz or any similar topic only for you Order Now Leadership, in contrast, is about coping with change. Leaders establish direction by developing a vision of the future; then they align people by communicating this vision and inspiring them to overcome hurdles. Diff: 2Page Ref: 150 Objective: Management and Leadership Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 2) Leadership is best defined as ________. Similar essay: Absolute Statement A) the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals B) the process of drawing up formal plans and monitoring their implementation C) the process of carrying out the vision and strategy provided by management D) coordinating and staffing the organization and handling day-to-day problems E) the proper use of the influence gained exclusively as a result of one’s organizational position Answer: A Explanation: A) Leadership can be defined as the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals. Leaders can emerge from within a group as well as by formal appointment. Diff: 2Page Ref: 150 Objective: Leadership Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3) Which of the following statements regarding leadership is true? A) All leaders are managers. B) Formal rights ensure good leadership. C) All managers are leaders. D) All leaders are hierarchically superior to followers. E) Nonsanctioned leadership is as important as formal influence. Answer: E Explanation: E) The source of a leader’s influence may be formal, such as that provided by managerial rank in an organization. But not all leaders are managers, nor, for that matter, are all managers leaders. Just because an organization provides its managers with certain formal rights is no assurance they will lead effectively. Nonsanctioned leadership—the ability to influence that arises outside the formal structure of the organization—is often as important or more important than formal influence. Diff: 2Page Ref: 151 Objective: Leadership Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 4) Which theory of leadership differentiates leaders from nonleaders by focusing on personal qualities and characteristics? A) Fiedler’s model B) attributes theory C) LMX theory D) contingency theory E) trait theory Answer: E Explanation: E) Trait theories of leadership focus on personal qualities and characteristics. The search for personality, social, physical, or intellectual attributes that differentiate leaders from nonleaders goes back to the earliest stages of leadership research. Diff: 1Page Ref: 151 Objective: Trait Theories Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 5) Early research efforts at isolating leadership traits resulted in a number of dead ends. A breakthrough, of sorts, came when researchers began ________. A) organizing traits around the Big Five personality framework B) using the Keirsey Temperament Sorter C) using Cattell’s 16 personality factors D) focusing on Eysenck’s three factor model E) considering the Revised NEO Personality Inventory Answer: A Explanation: A) Early research efforts at isolating leadership traits resulted in a number of dead ends. By the 1990s, after numerous studies and analyses, about the best we could say was that most leaders â€Å"are not like other people,† but the particular traits that characterized them varied a great deal from review to review. A breakthrough, of sorts, came when researchers began organizing traits around the Big Five personality framework. Most of the dozens of traits in various leadership reviews fit under one of the Big Five, giving strong support to traits as predictors of leadership. Diff: 2Page Ref: 151 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 6) According to research, which of the Big Five personality traits is the most important in effective leaders? A) conscientiousness B) openness C) extraversion D) agreeableness E) emotional stability Answer: C Explanation: C) A comprehensive review of leadership literature, when organized around the Big Five, has found extraversion to be the most important trait of effective leaders but more strongly related to leader emergence than to leader effectiveness. Conscientiousness and openness to experience also showed strong relationships to leadership, though not quite as strong as extraversion. Diff: 1Page Ref: 151 Objective: Trait Theories Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 7) Emotional intelligence (EI) is critical to effective leadership because one of its core components is ________. A) conscientiousness B) empathy C) optimism D) intraversion E) perfectionism Answer: B Explanation: B) A core component of EI is empathy. Empathetic leaders can sense others’ needs, listen to what followers say (and don’t say), and read the reactions of others. The caring part of empathy, especially for the people with whom you work, is what inspires people to stay with a leader when the going gets rough. Diff: 1Page Ref: 152 Objective: Trait Theories Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 8) Which of the following statements accurately reflects the conclusions about the trait theories of leadership? A) Traits were better predictors of leadership 20 years ago than they are now. B) The Big Five traits are inadequate for predicting leadership. C) Traits are especially useful for distinguishing between effective and ineffective leaders. D) Traits do a good job of predicting the emergence of leaders. E) Overall, traits are poor predictors of leadership. Answer: D Explanation: D) Two conclusions can be offered about the effectiveness of the trait theory of leadership. First, traits can predict leadership. Twenty years ago, the evidence suggested otherwise. The Big Five seem to have rectified that. Second, traits do a better job predicting the emergence of leaders and the appearance of leadership than actually distinguishing between effective and ineffective leaders. Diff: 2Page Ref: 152 Objective: Trait Theories Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 9) Your company’s HR director is a believer in trait theories of leadership. He believes that he can differentiate leaders from non-leaders by focusing on personal qualities and characteristics. You read "Robbins Organization Behavior Leadership Quiz" in category "Essay examples" The HR director plans to promote Lawrence, a highly extroverted manager with a great deal of ambition and energy to the position of VP, Manufacturing. He asks for your expertise in helping him to apply trait theory to leadership selection within your company. The director believes that because of his innate characteristics, Lawrence will be highly effective at helping the company achieve its production goals. You advise the director against basing his decision purely on traits because ________. A) research has identified emotional stability as the strongest predictor of leadership effectiveness B) studies have found that the Big Five traits are difficult to identify in leaders C) studies have shown that traits are poor predictors of leadership effectiveness D) research has found that conscientiousness is a better predictor of effectiveness than extroversion E) research has shown that effective managers are often unlikely to become effective leaders Answer: C Explanation: C) Traits do a better job predicting the emergence of leaders and the appearance of leadership than actually distinguishing between effective and ineffective leaders. The fact that an individual exhibits the traits and others consider that person to be a leader does not necessarily mean the leader is successful at getting his or her group to achieve its goals. The context matters, too. Diff: 3Page Ref: 152 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Trait Theories Quest. Category: Application LO: 2 10) Which of the following theories of leadership implies that individuals can be trained to become leaders? A) trait theories B) LMX theory C) contingency theories D) behavioral theories E) Fiedler model Answer: D Explanation: D) The failures of early trait studies led researchers in the late 1940s through the 1960s to wonder whether there was something unique in the way effective leaders behave. While trait research provides a basis for selecting the right people for leadership, behavioral studies implied we could train people to be leaders. Diff: 2Page Ref: 152 Objective: Behavioral Theories Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 1) The Ohio State Studies narrowed the independent dimensions of leader behavior to two that substantially accounted for most of the leadership behavior described by employees: consideration and ________. A) employee-orientation B) empathy C) constructing vision D) initiating structure E) charisma Answer: D Explanation: D) Seeking to identify independent dimensions of leader behavior, the Ohio State Studies determined that two dimensions accounted for most effective leadership behavior: initiating structure and consideration. Initiating structure is the extent to which leaders are likely to define and structure their roles and those of their employees in the search for goal attainment. Consideration is the extent to which a leader’s job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees’ ideas, and regard for their feelings. Diff: 2Page Ref: 152 Objective: Ohio State Studies Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 12) In the context of behavioral dimensions of leadership identified in the Ohio State Studies, initiating structure refers to the extent to which ________. A) a person’s job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees’ ideas, and regard for their feelings B) a leader engages in participative management C) a leader is accepting of and respects individual differences among various team members D) a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of employees in the search for goal attainment E) a leader initiates efforts to communicate personally with employees Answer: D Explanation: D) As a behavioral dimension of leaders, initiating structure is the extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of employees in the search for goal attainment. It includes behavior that attempts to organize work, work relationships, and goals. Diff: 2Page Ref: 152 Objective: Initiating Structure Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 13) Kimberley, a manager at a large company, tends to assign group members to particular tasks, expects workers to maintain definite standards of performance, and emphasizes the meeting of deadlines. In the light of the Ohio State Studies, this indicates that Kimberley, as a leader, is ________. A) low in task orientation B) high in consideration C) relationship oriented D) employee oriented E) high in initiating structure Answer: E Explanation: E) Initiating structure is the extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of employees in the search for goal attainment. It includes behavior that attempts to organize work, work relationships, and goals. A leader high in initiating structure is someone who â€Å"assigns group members to particular tasks,† â€Å"expects workers to maintain definite standards of performance,† and â€Å"emphasizes the meeting of deadlines. † Diff: 3Page Ref: 152 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 2 14) In the context of behavioral dimensions of leadership identified in the Ohio State Studies, ________ is the extent to which a person’s job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees’ ideas, and regard for their feelings. A) consideration B) initiating structure C) production orientation D) task orientation E) position power Answer: A Explanation: A) In the context of behavioral dimensions of leadership identified in the Ohio State Studies, consideration is the extent to which a person’s job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees’ ideas, and regard for their feelings. Diff: 2Page Ref: 152 Objective: Consideration Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 15) Jim, a VP at a large company, helps employees with personal problems, is friendly and approachable, treats all employees as equals, and expresses appreciation and support. In the light of the Ohio State Studies, this indicates that Jim, as a leader, is ________. A) task oriented B) high in consideration C) high in initiating structure D) low in relationship orientation E) production oriented Answer: B Explanation: B) Consideration is the extent to which a person’s job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees’ ideas, and regard for their feelings. A leader high in consideration helps employees with personal problems, is friendly and approachable, treats all employees as equals, and expresses appreciation and support. Diff: 3Page Ref: 152 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 2 16) The two dimensions of leadership behavior identified in the University of Michigan studies are ________. A) absolute leadership and contingency leadership B) transformational leaders and authentic leaders C) employee-oriented leaders and production-oriented leaders D) initiating structure and consideration E) initiation and completion Answer: C Explanation: C) Leadership studies at the University of Michigan’s Survey Research Center located behavioral characteristics of leaders that appeared related to performance effectiveness: the employee-oriented leader and the production-oriented leader. The employee-oriented leader emphasized interpersonal relationships by taking a personal interest in the needs of employees and accepting individual differences among them; the production-oriented leader emphasized the technical or task aspects of the job—concern focused on accomplishing the group’s tasks. Diff: 2Page Ref: 153 Objective: University of Michigan Studies Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 17) The University of Michigan studies define a(n) ________ leader as one who takes a personal interest in the needs of his/her subordinates. A) contingency B) task-oriented C) employee-oriented D) production-oriented E) structure initiating Answer: C Explanation: C) According to the behavioral dimensions of leaders identified by the University of Michigan’s Survey Research Center, the employee-oriented leader emphasized interpersonal relationships by taking a personal interest in the needs of employees and accepting individual differences among them. Diff: 2Page Ref: 153 Objective: Employee-Oriented Leaders Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 8) If a leader’s main concern is accomplishing his/her group’s tasks, the University of Michigan studies label this leader ________. A) employee-oriented B) high in consideration C) relationship-oriented D) low in initiating structure E) production-oriented Answer: E Explanation: E) According to the behavioral dimensions identified by the University of Michigan’s Survey Research Center, the production-oriented leader emphasized the technical or tas k aspects of the job, his main concern being accomplishing the group’s tasks. Diff: 2Page Ref: 153 Objective: Production-Oriented Leaders Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 19) The behavioral dimensions identified by the University of Michigan’s Survey Research Center are closely related to those identified in the Ohio State Study. Employee-oriented leadership is similar to ________, and production-oriented leadership is similar to ________. A) initiating structure; consideration B) task-orientation; relationship-orientation C) transformational leadership; authentic leadership D) authentic leadership; transformational leadership E) consideration; initiating structure Answer: E Explanation: E) The behavioral dimensions identified by the University of Michigan’s Survey Research Center are closely related to the Ohio State dimensions. Employee-oriented leadership is similar to consideration, and production-oriented leadership is similar to initiating structure. In fact, most leadership researchers use the terms synonymously. Diff: 2Page Ref: 153 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 20) Contingency theories focus on the ________ that impact leadership success.. A) leader’s personal characteristics and qualities B) leader’s abilities to inspire and transform followers C) situational variables D) values and ethics E) aspects of the leader’s behavior Answer: C Explanation: C) Numerous studies have shown that predicting leadership success is more complex than isolating a few traits or behaviors, since leadership styles that are effective in very bad times or in very good times do not necessarily translate into long-term success. This idea led researchers to change their focus from trait and behavior theories to situational influences on leadership styles, or contingency theories. Diff: 1Page Ref: 154 Objective: Contingency Models Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 21) The first comprehensive contingency model for leadership was developed by ________. A) Hersey and Blanchard B) Blake and Mouton C) Fred Fiedler D) John Kotter E) Douglas Surber Answer: C Explanation: C) The first comprehensive contingency model for leadership was developed by Fred Fiedler. Fiedler believes that a key factor in leadership success is the individual’s basic leadership style. According to the Fiedler contingency model, effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leader’s style and the degree to which the situation gives the leader control. Diff: 1Page Ref: 154 Objective: Fiedler Contingency Model Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 22) Which model represents the theory that effective group performance depends on the proper match between a leader’s style and the degree to which the situation gives control to the leader? A) leader-member exchange model B) Fiedler’s contingency model C) Hersey and Blanchard’s situational leadership model D) Vroom and Yetton’s leader-participation model E) House’s path-goal model of leadership Answer: B Explanation: B) According to Fiedler’s Contingency Model, the key factor predicting leadership success is the individual’s basic leadership style. Since Fiedler assumes an individual’s leadership style is fixed, effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leader’s style and the degree to which the situation gives the leader control. Diff: 2Page Ref: 154 Objective: Fiedler Contingency Model Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 23) In Fiedler’s model, if a respondent describes his or her least preferred co-worker in relatively positive terms, then the respondent is considered to be ________. A) relationship oriented B) production-oriented C) task-oriented D) high in initiating structure E) low in consideration Answer: A Explanation: A) Fiedler’s least preferred coworker (LPC) questionnaire measures whether a person is task- or relationship-oriented by asking respondents to rate their least favorite coworker. If respondents describe their least favorite coworker in favorable terms (a high LPC score), they are probably relationship-oriented. In contrast, respondents who describe their least-preferred coworker in unfavorable terms (a low LPC score) are viewed as primarily interested in productivity and as being task-oriented. Diff: 3Page Ref: 154 Objective: Least Preferred Coworker Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 4) If a survey respondent sees his or her least preferred co-worker in unfavorable terms, Fiedler would categorize the respondent as ________. A) high in consideration B) task-oriented C) low in initiating structure D) employee-oriented E) relationship oriented Answer: B Explanation: B) Fiedler’s least preferred coworker (LPC) questionnaire measures whether a person i s task- or relationship-oriented by asking respondents to rate their least favorite coworker. Respondents who describe their least-preferred coworker in unfavorable terms (a low LPC score) are viewed as primarily interested in productivity and as being task-oriented. Conversely, respondents who describe their least-favorite coworker in favorable terms (a high LPC score) are considered to be relationship-oriented. Diff: 2Page Ref: 154 Objective: Least Preferred Coworker Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 25) Fran has just completed and scored the LPC questionnaire given to her during an evaluation exercise. She is surprised when she finds out that she described her least preferred co-worker in relatively positive terms because she recalls being particularly annoyed by this difficult co-worker several times in the past. Based on your understanding of Fiedler’s model, you explain to Fran that her LPC score makes sense within the model because ________. A) Fran tends to become very dominating when given ambiguous tasks B) Fran is usually much more focused on productivity than on developing relationships C) Fran tends in general to focus on building good relationships with the other employees D) Fran has a spotty work history and has tended to switch jobs every couple of years E) Fran is usually chosen for positions of high responsibility within your organization Answer: C Explanation: C) If you describe the person you are least able to work with in favorable terms (a high LPC score), Fiedler would label you relationship oriented. In contrast, if you see your least preferred co-worker in relatively unfavorable terms (a low LPC score), you are primarily interested in productivity and are task oriented. Diff: 3Page Ref: 154 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Least Preferred Coworker Quest. Category: Application LO: 3 26) Fiedler’s contingency leadership model assumes that ________. A) an individual’s leadership style is essentially fixed B) an individual can use the LPC to change his/her style to a more productive style C) there is no ideal way to match leadership styles with situations D) all leaders can learn to adapt to different contingencies E) each person’s style will change in accordance with the situation at hand Answer: A Explanation: A) Fiedler assumes an individual’s leadership style is fixed. This means if a situation requires a task-oriented leader and the person in the leadership position is relationship oriented, either the situation has to be modified or the leader has to be replaced to achieve optimal effectiveness. Diff: 2Page Ref: 154 Objective: Fiedler Contingency Model Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 27) Fiedler labels the degree of confidence, trust, and respect that subordinates have in their leader as ________. A) leader-member relations B) task structure C) positional power D) leader-member exchange E) leader-member orientation Answer: A Explanation: A) Fiedler identified three contingency or situational dimensions to leadership success, including leader-member relations, task structure, and position power. Leader-member relations is the degree of confidence, trust, and respect members have in their leader. Diff: 1Page Ref: 154 Objective: Leader-Member Relations Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 28) Which of the following situational dimensions identified by Fiedler relates to the degree to which job assignments are procedurized, that is, structured or unstructured? A) leader-member relations B) task orientation C) task structure D) initiating structure E) productivity oriented Answer: C Explanation: C) Fiedler identified three contingency or situational dimensions in which certain types of leaders might excel or fail, including leader-member relations, task structure, and position power. Task structure is the degree to which job assignments are procedurized (that is, structured or unstructured). Leaders who are task-oriented, Fielder proposes, perform best when the situation is very favorable or very unfavorable. Diff: 1Page Ref: 154 Objective: Task Structures Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 29) In the context of Fiedler’s model, the situational dimension termed ________ relates to the degree of influence a leader has over power variables such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increases. A) task structure B) leader-member exchange C) position power D) initiating structure E) leader-member relations Answer: C Explanation: C) In the context of Fiedler’s model, the situational dimension termed position power relates to the degree of influence a leader has over power variables such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increases. Diff: 1Page Ref: 154 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 30) If you were using the Fielder contingency model of leadership to establish a scenario in your company which gives managers maximum control, which of the following combinations of situational dimensions would you seek to achieve? A) high task structure, good leader-member relations, and strong position power B) limited position power, good leader-member relations, and low task structure C) less structured jobs, strong position power, and moderate leader-member relations D) broad employee responsibilities, low position power, and moderate leader-member relations E) good leader-member relations, low position power, unstructured jobs Answer: A Explanation: A) The Fiedler contingency model proposes that effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leader’s style and the degree to which the situation gives the leader control. Fiedler states that the better the leader–member relations, the more highly structured the job, and the stronger the position power, the more control the leader has. Diff: 3Page Ref: 154 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 3 31) According to the Fiedler contingency model of leadership, task-oriented leaders perform best in situations of ________, while relationship-oriented leaders perform best in ________ situations. A) moderate control; high and low control B) high control; low and moderate control C) high and moderate control; low control D) high and low control; moderate control E) moderate and low control; high control Answer: D Explanation: D) In the Fiedler contingency model, combining the three contingency dimensions yields eight possible situations in which leaders can find themselves. Fiedler recently condensed these eight situations down to three. According to him, task-oriented leaders perform best in situations of high and low control, while relationship-oriented leaders perform best in moderate control situations. Diff: 2Page Ref: 154 Objective: Matching Leaders and Situations Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 2) Which of the following leadership theories argues that because of time pressures, leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of their subordinates—the in-group, who are trusted, get a disproportionate amount of the leader’s attention, and are more likely to receive special privileges? A) situational leadership theory B) leader-member exchange C) path-goal D) expectancy E) Fiedler’s theory Answer: B Explanation: B) Leader–member exchange (LMX) theory proposes that, because of time pressures, leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of their followers. These individuals make up the in-group. Members of the in-group are trusted, get a disproportionate amount of the leader’s attention, and are more likely to receive special privileges. Other followers fall into the out-group. Diff: 1Page Ref: 156 Objective: Leader-Member Exchange Theory Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 As you have observed your department manager and her interactions with the department’s employees, you have come to believe in LMX theory. Sarah and Joe get less of the manager’s time. Sally gets fewer of the preferred rewards that the manager controls and John has a relationship with the manager based on formal authority interactions. Rebecca is trusted. Jennifer gets a disproportionate amount of the manager’s attention and is more likely to receive special privileges. 33) According to LMX theory, the in-group is likely to be composed of ________. A) Rebecca and Jennifer only B) Jennifer only C) Rebecca only D) John, Rebecca, and Jennifer only E) Sarah, Joe, Sally, and John only Answer: A Explanation: A) The LMX theory proposes that early in the history of the interaction between a leader and a given follower, the leader implicitly categorizes the follower as an â€Å"in† or an â€Å"out,† and that relationship is relatively stable over time. Leaders induce LMX by rewarding those employees with whom they want a closer linkage and punishing those with whom they do not. Diff: 3Page Ref: 156 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: In-Group Quest. Category: Application LO: 3 34) According to LMX theory, which of the following employees is likely to be included in the out-group? A) Rebecca only B) Jennifer only C) Sarah and Jennifer only D) Sarah and Joe only E) Sarah, Joe, Sally, and John only Answer: E Explanation: E) The LMX theory proposes that early in the history of the interaction between a leader and a given follower, the leader implicitly categorizes the follower as an â€Å"in† or an â€Å"out,† and that relationship is relatively stable over time. Leaders induce LMX by rewarding those employees with whom they want a closer linkage and punishing those with whom they do not. Diff: 3Page Ref: 156 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Out-Group Quest. Category: Application LO: 3 35) According to the LMX theory, a leader implicitly categorizes followers as â€Å"in† or â€Å"out† ________. A) after careful performance analysis B) on a temporary basis C) early in the interaction D) because of political pressure E) only after several months of working together Answer: C Explanation: C) The LMX theory proposes that early in the history of the interaction between a leader and a given follower, the leader implicitly categorizes the follower as an â€Å"in† or an â€Å"out,† and that relationship is relatively stable over time. Diff: 2Page Ref: 156 Objective: Leader-Member Exchange Theory Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 36) According to research relating to the LMX theory of leadership, which of the following does not appear to characterize in-group members? A) demographic characteristics similar to those of the leader B) attitudes similar to those of the leader C) personality characteristics similar to those of the leader D) gender opposite to that of the leader E) higher level of competence than out-group members Answer: D Explanation: D) Just how the leader chooses who falls into each category is unclear, but there is evidence in-group members have demographic, attitude, and personality characteristics similar to those of their leader or a higher level of competence than out-group members. Leaders and followers of the same gender tend to have closer (higher LMX) relationships than those of different genders. Diff: 2Page Ref: 156 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 37) Which of the following is true according to research testing the LMX theory of leadership? A) There is substantive evidence that leaders differentiate among followers. B) Disparities in how leaders treat different followers are largely random. C) The in-group shows no measurable difference in positive outcomes compared to the out-group. D) In-group members usually show lesser â€Å"citizenship† behavior at work. E) In-group members are no more satisfied with their leader than out-group members. Answer: A Explanation: A) Research to test LMX theory has been generally supportive, with substantive evidence that leaders do differentiate among followers; these disparities are far from random; and followers with in-group status will have higher performance ratings, engage in more helping or â€Å"citizenship† behaviors at work, and report greater satisfaction with their superior. Diff: 2Page Ref: 156 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 8) Believing that in-group members are the most competent, leaders invest their resources in them. This, in turn, leads the in-group members to show higher levels of performance at their jobs. This chain of events reflects the concept of ________. A) assumption fallacy B) reverse engineering C) self-fulfilling prophecy D) Newcomb’s paradox E) predestination paradox Answer: C Explanation: C) Followers with in-group status will have higher perfor mance ratings, engage in more helping or â€Å"citizenship† behaviors at work, and report greater satisfaction with their superior. These positive findings for in-group members reflect the concept of self-fulfilling prophecy; leaders invest their resources with those they expect to perform best—the in-group members—and thus unwittingly fulfill their prophecy. Diff: 2Page Ref: 156-157 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 39) Who was first researcher to consider charismatic leadership in terms of OB? A) Max Weber B) Robert House C) Fred Fiedler D) John Kotter E) Douglas Surber Answer: B Explanation: B) The first researcher to consider charismatic leadership in terms of OB was Robert House. According to House’s charismatic leadership theory, followers attribute heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors. Diff: 1Page Ref: 157 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 40) Which theory of leadership proposes that followers attribute heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors? A) transformational leadership theory B) authentic leadership theory C) transactional leadership theory D) attributional leadership theory E) charismatic leadership theory Answer: E Explanation: E) According to House’s charismatic leadership theory, followers attribute heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors. A number of studies have attempted to identify the characteristics of charismatic leaders: they have a vision, they are willing to take personal risks to achieve that vision, they are sensitive to follower needs, and they exhibit extraordinary behaviors. Diff: 1Page Ref: 157 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 41) Which of the following is not a key characteristic of a charismatic leader? A) sensitivity to follower needs B) unconventional behavior C) vision and articulation D) focus on maintaining status quo E) willingness to take risks Answer: D Explanation: D) Charismatic leadership theory, developed by Robert House, is based on the idea that when followers observe certain behaviors displayed by a leader, they view that leader as having extraordinary or even heroic leadership abilities. Recent studies have sought to identify these specific behaviors. Charismatic leaders appear to possess key characteristics, ncluding sensitivity to follower needs, unconventional behavior, vision and articulation, and willingness to take risks. Diff: 2Page Ref: 157 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 42) Which of the following is true regarding whether charismatic leaders are born or made? A) Charismatic individuals are not born with traits that make them charismatic. B) Charismatic leaders are usually not achievement oriented. C) Charisma cannot be learned. D) Most experts b elieve individuals can be trained to exhibit charismatic behaviors. E) Personality has shown no link to charismatic leadership. Answer: D Explanation: D) Individuals are born with traits that make them charismatic. Personality is also related to charismatic leadership; charismatic leaders are likely to be extraverted, self-confident, and achievement oriented. Although a small minority thinks charisma is inherited and cannot be learned, most experts believe individuals can be trained to exhibit charismatic behaviors. Diff: 2Page Ref: 158 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 43) According to evidence, what is the first step a charismatic leader takes to influence followers? A) developing a formal vision statement B) engaging in emotion-inducing and often unconventional behavior C) setting an example for followers through actions and words D) articulating an appealing vision E) communicating high performance expectations Answer: D Explanation: D) Evidence suggests that charismatic leaders follow a four-step process to influence followers. This process begins with articulating an appealing vision, a long-term strategy for attaining a goal by linking the present with a better future for the organization. Desirable visions fit the times and circumstances and reflect the uniqueness of the organization. Diff: 2Page Ref: 158 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 44) Which of the following is true about the effectiveness of charismatic leadership? A) Research shows scant correlations between charismatic leadership and high performance. B) Charisma may not always be generalizable. C) Charisma appears most successful when the environment is stress-free. D) Charismatic leaders usually surface when the organization is stable and successful. E) Charismatic leadership qualities are best utilized in lower-level management jobs. Answer: B Explanation: B) Research shows impressive correlations between charismatic leadership and high performance and satisfaction among followers. However, charisma may not always be generalizable; its effectiveness may depend on the situation. Charisma appears most successful when the follower’s task has an ideological component or the environment includes a high degree of stress and uncertainty. It’s more difficult to utilize a person’s charismatic leadership qualities in lower-level management jobs. Diff: 2Page Ref: 159 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 45) Leaders who clarify role and task requirements to accomplish established goals exhibit a(n) _________ style of leadership. A) transformational B) transactional C) charismatic D) authentic E) situational Answer: B Explanation: B) Recent studies, including the Ohio State Studies, Fiedler’s model, and path-goal theory, have focused on the differences between transformational leaders and transactional leaders. In contrast to ransformational leaders who inspire their followers to transcend their self-interests for the good of the organization, transactional leaders encourage their followers to achieve goals by defining specific goals and task requirements. Diff: 1Page Ref: 160 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 46) ________ leaders inspire followers to transcend their self-interests for the good of the organization and can have an extraordinary effect on their followers. A) Transformational B) Transaction al C) Task oriented D) Laissez-faire E) Transcendental Answer: A Explanation: A) Transformational leaders can have an extraordinary effect on their followers, inspiring them toward selfless goals that benefit the larger organization. These types of leaders inspire their followers by paying attention to their concerns, helping them rethink old problems in new ways, and encouraging them to achieve goals as a group. Diff: 1Page Ref: 160 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 47) In terms of the full range of leadership model, which leader behavior is the least effective? A) management by exception (active) B) contingent reward C) management by exception (passive) D) individualized consideration E) laissez-faire Answer: E Explanation: E) According to the full range of leadership model, laissez-faire is the most passive and therefore least effective of leader behaviors. Management by exception—active or passive—is slightly better than laissez-faire. Diff: 1Page Ref: 160 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 48) According to the full range of leadership model, which of the following leader behaviors will enable leaders to motivate followers to perform above expectations and transcend their self-interest for the sake of the organization? A) management by exception (active) B) contingent reward C) individualized consideration D) management by exception (passive) E) laissez-faire Answer: C Explanation: C) According to the full range of leadership model, leadership behaviors including laissez-faire, management by exception (active or passive), and contingent reward will not get employees to go above and beyond the call of duty. Only with the four styles of transformational leadership—individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, and idealized influence—are leaders able to motivate followers to perform above expectations and transcend their self-interest for the sake of the organization. Diff: 1Page Ref: 160 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 49) Richard is a transactional leader who has just assigned a series of tasks to a project team. Which of the following is most likely to be true about the team’s performance under Richard’s guidance? A) They will set new standards of productivity for the department, exceeding Richard’s expectations. B) They will meet the goals set for them but are unlikely to go beyond those goals. C) They will tend to be unclear about the roles assigned to each team member. D) They will be highly motivated by what they view as Richard’s heroic or extraordinary qualities. E) They will tend to put the interests of the company above individual self-interest. Answer: B Explanation: B) Transactional leaders set goals for their employees and define roles and expectations. Unlike transformational leaders, however, transactional leaders are unlikely to motivate their employees to exceed expectations or go beyond the call of duty. Diff: 3Page Ref: 160 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 4 50) Researchers are conducting a study of a company called Acme Corp. which they believe to be led by a transformational leader. Which of the following, if true, would most support the conclusion that Acme’s leader is a transformational leader? A) Acme’s top managers often disagree over defining the organization’s goals. B) Acme’s goals tend to be very ambitious and to hold personal value for employees. C) Acme has a centra lized decision-making structure. D) Acme’s performance has held at average levels for the past three years. E) Acme’s compensation plans are designed to reward short-term results. Answer: B Explanation: B) In companies with transformational leaders, followers are more likely to pursue ambitious goals, agree on the strategic goals of the organization, and believe the goals they are pursuing are personally important. There is greater decentralization of responsibility, managers have more propensity to take risks, and compensation plans are geared toward long-term results. All these factors result in superior organizational performance. Diff: 3Page Ref: 160 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 4 51) Two companies, Roland Media and Go! Corp, are both headed by ransformational leaders. However, Roland Media showed much greater profitability over a 5-year time period than did Go! Corp. Which of the following best explains why Roland Media performed better than Go! Corp under transformational leadership? A) Roland Media’s leader goes through a complex bureaucratic structure, whereas Go! Corp’s leader regularly interacts with the company’ s workforce to make decisions. B) Unlike Go! Corp’s employees, Roland Media’s employees don’t readily give up decision-making authority. C) Roland Media is a small, privately held firm, whereas Go! Corp is a large, complex public company. D) Roland Media is headquartered in a low power distance region, whereas Go! Corp is headquartered in a country that is high in power distance. E) Roland Media’s employees tend to be more highly individualistic than do Go! Corp’s employees. Answer: C Explanation: C) Transformational leadership is most effective in small, privately held companies. It is less effective in complex organizations. Transformational leaders are more effective in improving group potency in teams higher in power distance and collectivism. They are less effective when leaders must deal with bureaucratic structures, when employees are highly individualistic, and when employees don’t easily give up decision-making authority. Diff: 3Page Ref: 162 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 4 52) Which of the following would best serve as evidence to support the conclusion that an individual is an authentic leader? A) The leader is cautious about information sharing and tends to provide updates only to top management. B) In business exchanges, the leader puts the company’s bottom line before his or her ideals. C) The leader acts in the company’s best interest as long as those interests don’t conflict with his personal ambitions. D) The leader constantly questions his or her values. E) The leader inspires a great deal of trust in his or her followers. Answer: E Explanation: E) Authentic leaders know who they are, know what they believe in and value, and act on those values and beliefs openly and candidly. Their followers consider them ethical people. The primary quality produced by authentic leadership, therefore, is trust. Authentic leaders share information, encourage open communication, and stick to their ideals. Diff: 3Page Ref: 163 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 53) The concept of authentic leadership focuses on ________. A) the moral aspects of being a leader B) the unconventional behavior of the leader C) the readiness of followers D) the situational component of leadership E) the transactional aspect of leadership Answer: A Explanation: A) Authentic leaders know who they are, know what they believe in and value, and act on those values and beliefs openly and candidly. Their followers consider them ethical people. This concept is a promising way to think about ethics and trust in leadership because it focuses on the moral aspects of being a leader. Diff: 2Page Ref: 163 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 54) The concept of socialized charismatic leadership seeks to integrate charismatic leadership with ________ leadership. A) transformational B) production-oriented C) relational D) ethical E) transactional Answer: D Explanation: D) Scholars have tried to integrate ethical and charismatic leadership by advancing the idea of socialized charismatic leadership—leadership that conveys other centered (not self centered) values by leaders who model ethical conduct. Socialized charismatic leaders are able to bring employee values in line with their own values through their words and actions. Diff: 1Page Ref: 163 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 55) ________ is a psychological state that exists when you agree to make yourself vulnerable to another because you have positive expectations about how things are going to turn out. A) Consideration B) Trust C) Empowerment D) Empathy E) Respect Answer: B Explanation: B) Trust is a psychological state that exists when you agree to make yourself vulnerable to another because you have positive expectations about how things are going to turn out. Even though you aren’t completely in control of the situation, you are willing to take a chance that the other person will come through for you. Diff: 1Page Ref: 164 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 56) All of the following are consequences of a relationship of trust between supervisors and employees, except that ________. A) trust facilitates information sharing B) trusting groups are more effective C) trust discourages taking risks D) trust enhances productivity E) company bottom-lines are positively influenced by trust Answer: C Explanation: C) Trust between supervisors and employees is related to a number of positive employment outcomes. Trust encourages taking risks, facilitates information sharing, and enhances productivity. Trusting groups are more effective. Diff: 2Page Ref: 165 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 57) Which of the following statements accurately describes the attribution theory of leadership? A) Leadership is merely an attribution people make about other individuals. B) Good leaders attribute their successes to their team or group members. C) Leadership qualities are attributions that are independent of performance. D) The achievement of group goals are rarely attributed to good leadership. E) Leadership is an attribute that individuals are born with. Answer: A Explanation: A) The attribution theory of leadership says leadership is merely an attribution people make about other individuals. Thus we attribute to leaders intelligence, outgoing personality, strong verbal skills, aggressiveness, understanding, and industriousness. At the organizational level, we tend to see leaders, rightly or wrongly, as responsible for extremely negative or extremely positive performance. Diff: 2Page Ref: 165 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 5 58) The President of a small Asian country was hailed as a visionary and a genius when the nation’s economy burgeoned during his first term in office. However, when the currency and the stock-markets crashed during his government’s second term, he was censured as arrogant, elitist, and short-sighted. This scenario reflects the ________ theory of leadership. A) traits B) behavioral C) LMX D) substitutes E) attribution Answer: E Explanation: E) The attribution theory of leadership says leadership is merely an attribution people make about other individuals. Thus we attribute to leaders intelligence, outgoing personality, strong verbal skills, aggressiveness, understanding, and industriousness. At the organizational level, we tend to see leaders, rightly or wrongly, as responsible for extremely negative or extremely positive performance. Diff: 3Page Ref: 165 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 5 59) According to research, which of the following is true about demographic assumptions that are made about leaders? A) Leaders are likely to be assumed to be white. B) White leaders are no more likely to be rated effective than leaders from other racial groups. C) Teams invariably prefer male leaders. D) Teams prefer female leaders when aggressively competing against other teams. E) Teams prefer male leaders when the competition is within teams and calls for improving positive relationships within the group. Answer: A Explanation: A) Respondents in a study assumed a leader described with no identifying racial information was white at a rate beyond the base rate of white employees in a company. In scenarios where identical leadership situations are described but the leaders’ race is manipulated, white leaders are rated as more effective than leaders of other racial groups. Diff: 2Page Ref: 166 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 5 60) Zenith Technologies has a very flat organizational system with few managers. Instead, it has a rigid system of clear, formalized goals, clear procedures, and cohesive work groups. In this case, the various components of the organizational system are acting as ________ to formal leadership by replacing the support and ability offered by leaders. A) detriments B) traits C) attributes D) substitutes E) supplements Answer: D Explanation: D) One theory of leadership suggests that in many situations leaders’ actions are irrelevant. Experience and training are among the substitutes that can replace the need for a leader’s support or ability to create structure. Organizational characteristics such as explicit formalized goals, rigid rules and procedures, and cohesive work groups can also replace formal leadership. Diff: 3Page Ref: 166 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 5 61) Trust which is based on a mutual understanding of each other’s intentions and appreciation of the other’s wants and desires is referred to as ________. A) substitute trust B) identification-based trust C) attributional trust D) assumption-based trust E) socialized trust Answer: B Explanation: B) Identification-based trust, based on a mutual understanding of each other’s intentions and appreciation of the other’s wants and desires, is particularly difficult to achieve without face-to-face interaction. It’s not yet clear whether it’s even possible for employees to identify with or trust leaders with whom they communicate only electronically. Diff: 1Page Ref: 167 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 5 2) Because he has an internationally based team, Leo and the team do most of their business communications via e-mail. Which of the following represents what is least likely to be true of Leo’s experience working with the team in an online environment? A) Leo relies heavily on his written skills to communicate support and inspiration. B) Team members must be particularly adept at reading emotions in others’ mess ages C) Team members tend to have high levels of identification-based trust. D) Negotiations between team members sometimes stall due to lack of trust. E) Leo uses written communication to reinforce what he conveys to team members verbally. Answer: C Explanation: C) Online leaders confront unique challenges, particularly around developing and maintaining trust. Identification-based trust, based on a mutual understanding of each other’s intentions and appreciation of the others wants and desires, is particularly difficult to achieve without face-to-face interaction. Leo’s team would be least likely to experience high levels of identification-based trust. Online negotiations might also be hindered because parties express lower levels of trust. Diff: 2Page Ref: 167 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 5 63) According to the GLOBE project, which of the following is true of the leadership style preferred by Brazilian employees? A) leaders high on consideration B) leaders with a nonparticipative style C) leaders who take self-governing decisions D) leaders who act alone without engaging the group E) task oriented leaders Answer: A Explanation: A) Based on the values of Brazilian employees, leaders in Brazil would need to be team oriented, participative, and humane. Leaders high on consideration who emphasize participative decision making and have high LPC scores would be best suited to managing employees in this culture. Brazilians do not prefer leaders who take self-governing decisions and act alone without engaging the group. Diff: 2Page Ref: 168 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 6 64) According to the GLOBE project, which of the following is true of the leadership style preferred by employees in France? A) people-oriented leaders B) leaders with high LPC scores C) leaders with a participative decision-making style D) leaders with high initiating structure E) relationship oriented leaders Answer: D Explanation: D) Compared to U. S. employees, the French have a more bureaucratic view of leaders and are less likely to expect them to be humane and considerate. A leader high on initiating structure (relatively task oriented) will do best and can make decisions in a relatively autocratic manner. A manager who scores high on consideration (people oriented) may find that style backfiring in France. Diff: 2Page Ref: 168 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 6 5) According to the GLOBE study on the global implications of leadership, employees in this country are more likely to value team-oriented and participative leadership than U. S. employees. However, since it has a relatively high-power-distance culture, status differences between leaders and followers are expected. Therefore, the leader should ask employees for their opinions, try to minimize conflicts, but not be afraid to take charge and mak e the final decision (after consulting team members). Identify this country. A) China B) Brazil C) Egypt D) France E) Sweden Answer: C Explanation: C) Employees in Egypt are more likely to value team-oriented and participative leadership than U. S. employees. However, Egypt is also a relatively high-power-distance culture, meaning status differences between leaders and followers are expected. So, a manager must be participative yet demonstrate his or her high level of status by asking employees for their opinions, trying to minimize conflicts, and yet not being afraid to take charge and making the final decision (after consulting team members). Diff: 2Page Ref: 168 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 6 66) According to the GLOBE project, which of the following is true of the leadership style preferred by employees in China? A) leaders who are team-oriented and humane B) leaders with high LPC scores C) leaders who take self-governing decisions D) leaders with a moderately participative style E) leaders who act alone without engaging the group Answer: D Explanation: D) According to the GLOBE study, Chinese culture emphasizes being polite, considerate, and unselfish, but it also has a high performance orientation. These two factors suggest consideration and initiating structure may both be important. Although Chinese culture is relatively participative compared to that of the United States, there are also status differences between leaders and employees. This suggests a moderately participative style may work best. Diff: 2Page Ref: 168 Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 6 Leo supervises a global team of project members based in multiple countries. Maria is Brazilian; Jean-Paul is French, Amit is Egyptian, and Xiang is Chinese. Leo is American and is based in the United States. 7) In the light on the findings of the GLOBE project, which team members can be expected to respond most favorably when Leo exhibits high levels of initiating structure? A) Jean-Paul and Xiang B) Amit and Xiang C) Maria and Jean-Paul D) Amit and Maria E) Xiang and Amit Answer: A Explanation: A) France and China are countries where individuals tend to value initiating structure. The French have a bureaucratic view of leaders and expect leaders to make decisions relatively autocratically. The Chinese have a high performance orientation that emphasizes status differences between employees. Leaders with high initiating structures therefore have better results in these countries. Diff: 3Page Ref: 168 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Behavioral Theories Quest. Category: Application LO: 6 68) Which of the following team members would be least likely to respond favorably if Leo made project-related decisions independently, without consulting the team? A) Maria B) Jean-Paul C) Amit D) Xiang E) Maria and Jean-Paul Answer: A Explanation: A) Brazilians value participatory decision-making. Maria would thus be least likely to respond favorably to autocratic decision-making on Leo’s part. As one Brazilian manager remarked in a research study, â€Å"We do not prefer leaders who take self-governing decisions and act alone without engaging the group. That’s part of who we are. † Diff: 3Page Ref: 168 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 6 69) The team agrees that a large component of the project will be carried out at the Chinese headquarters, with Xiang responsible for leading that support team. Based on what the GLOBE project concludes about Chinese culture, which of the following leader behaviors would be most effective? A) infrequent decision-making B) highly participatory decision-making C) autocratic decision-making D) decision-making without initiating structure E) moderately participatory decision-making Answer: E Explanation: E) Chinese culture emphasizes being polite, considerate, and unselfish, but it also has a high performance orientation. These two factors suggest consideration and initiating structure may both be important. Although Chinese culture is relatively participative compared to that of the United States, there are also status differences between leaders and employees. This suggests a moderately participative style may work best there. Diff: 3Page Ref: 168 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 6 70) In carrying out a transformational approach to overseeing the project, Leo strives to implement the universal elements of transformational leadership. He most likely implements all of the following except ________. A) vision B) providing encouragement C) positiveness D) proactiveness E) silent leadership Answer: E Explanation: E) The silence of a leader is very powerful in Japan, but not necessarily in other countries. Silent leadership is, therefore, not considered one of the university elements of transformational leadership. The elements are: vision, foresight, providing encouragement, trustworthiness, dynamism, positiveness, and proactiveness. Diff: 1Page Ref: 168 AACSB: Analytic Skills Quest. Category: Application LO: 6 71) The term leadership is synonymous with management. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Although often used interchangeably, the terms leadership and management have two different meanings. John Kotter of the Harvard Business School argues that management is the ability to cope with complexity. Leadership, by contrast, is defined as the ability to cope with change. Diff: 1Page Ref: 150 Objective: Management and Leadership Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 72) Nonsanctioned leadership is usually less important than formal influence. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Nonsanctioned leadership—the ability to influence that arises outside the formal structure of the organization—is often as important or more important than formal How to cite Robbins Organization Behavior Leadership Quiz, Essay examples